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Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
01 Jan 1986-
TL;DR: The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin, et al. as discussed by the authors ) presents a methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research.
Abstract: Methodology, Design, and Evaluation in Psychotherapy Research (A. Kazdin). Assessing Psychotherapy Outcomes and Processes (M. Lambert & C. Hill). The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin). The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy (M. Lambert & A. Bergin). Research on Client Variables in Psychotherapy (S. Garfield). Therapist Variables (L. Beutler, et al.). Process and Outcome in PsychotherapyNoch Einmal (D. Orlinsky, et al.). Behavior Therapy with Adults (P. Emmelkamp). Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (S. Hollon & A. Beck). Psychodynamic Approaches (W. Henry, et al.). Research on Experiential Psychotherapies (L. Greenberg, et al.). Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents (A. Kazdin). The Process and Outcome of Marital and Family Therapy: Reseach Review and Evaluation (J. Alexander, et al.). Experiential Group Research (R. Bednar & T. Kaul). Research on Brief Psychotherapy (M. Koss & J. Shiang). Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology (E. Blanchard). Medication and Psychotherapy (G. Klerman, et al.). Research on Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Populations (S. Sue, et al.). Overview, Trends, and Future Issues (A. Bergin & S. Garfield). Indexes.
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TL;DR: The results of as discussed by the authors suggest that long-term therapy does not necessarily provide more effective therapy, and they have important implications for clinical practice, service delivery, and research, particularly in the present climate of financial restraint in health care.
Abstract: Thirty children and their parents were assigned randomly to either time-unlimited or time-limited (12 sessions) psychodynamically oriented treatments or to a minimal-contact control group. All groups showed significant improvements from pretest to posttest. Comparisons between groups at posttest on parental measures of family functioning showed that changes reported by the minimal-contact control group were significantly greater than those of the time-unlimited group. When assessments from pretest to 4-year follow-up were compared, all groups improved significantly on therapist measures of goal attainment, but only the minimal-contact control group reported significant improvements on severity of target problems and measures of family functioning. The results of this study suggest that long-term therapy does not necessarily provide more effective therapy. These findings have important implications for clinical practice, service delivery, and research, particularly in the present climate of financial restraint in health care.
49 citations
Cites background from "Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behav..."
...Child psychotherapy research has been criticized as “weak” and “methodologically inconsistent” (Casey & Berman, 1985; Gurman, Kniskern, & Pinsof, 1986; Hazelrigg, Cooper, & Borduin, 1987), as reflected in outcome investigations that have failed to include suitable control groups, clearly defined therapeutic procedures, assessments from more than a single source, and appropriate analyses of data (see reviews by Barrett, Hampe, & Miller, 1978; Casey & Berman, 1985; Kazdin, 1988; Weisz, Weiss, Alicke, & Klotz, 1987)....
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TL;DR: A review of individual psychotherapy outcomes with adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse can be found in this paper, where the authors present issues salient to the study of treatment with this population, such as prevalence, short-term impact, and long-term sequelae.
49 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: A sociocognitive approach to clinical psychology is rooted in an agentic perspective as mentioned in this paper, where people enlist a variety of capabilities to exercise control over their self-development, adaptation, and change.
Abstract: A sociocognitive approach to clinical psychology is rooted in an agentic perspective. In this conceptual framework, people enlist a variety of capabilities to exercise control over their self-development, adaptation, and change. These include symbolizing, modeling, self-regulative and self-reflective capabilities. If put to faulty use, these capabilities breed distress and dysfunction. Social cognitive approaches rely on mastery experiences as the principal vehicle of change. Corrective and enabling mastery experiences are more effective than talk alone in altering faulty beliefs and dysfunctional styles of thinking and behaving. People's beliefs in their personal efficacy are the foundation of human agency and the common pathway through which different psychosocial influences exert their effects. Perceived efficacy plays a key role in causal structures because it affects behavior not only directly but also by its impact on other determinants such as goals and aspirations, outcome expectations, affective proclivities, and perception of sociostructural impediments and opportunities. Efforts to improve the human condition must be directed at treating the causalities of adverse social practices as well as altering the social practices producing the causalities. The models of social change derived from social cognitive theory draw heavily on knowledge of modeling, motivational, regulatory, and efficacy mechanisms operating at the collective level.
49 citations
TL;DR: This conclusion that the effect of psychotherapy is no greater than that of spontaneous remission is tested using Eysenck's original panel of “untreated” patients, and it was showed that treatment was associated with significantly higher rates of improvement when compared to the effects of spontaneously remission.
Abstract: In 1952, Hans Eysenck published “The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation” in which he concluded that the effect of psychotherapy is no greater than that of spontaneous remission. In the present paper, we tested this conclusion using Eysenck's original panel of “untreated” patients. A probit analysis of rates of improvement by time of assessed improvement was conducted on these data, and results were compared to a probit analysis conducted on a panel of patients who had received psychotherapy. Treatment was associated with significantly higher rates of improvement when compared to the effects of spontaneous remission. In fact, 50% of psychotherapy patients were estimated to improve after 8 weeks, whereas only 2% of untreated patient were estimated to improve in this time. Probit analysis showed that the 50% improvement rate for Eysenck's spontaneous remission group occurred at a much later time than the 50% improvement rate for psychotherapy. According to his % improvement estimates, psychotherapy acco...
49 citations
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the deployment of virtual reality (VR) for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat anxiety and other psychological disorders, such as social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder with agoraphobia.
Abstract: This chapter describes the deployment of Virtual Reality (VR) for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to treat anxiety and other psychological disorders. Regarding anxiety, the most common technique is constituted of Exposure Therapy that, transposed to Virtual Reality, allows the patient to face a digital version of the feared object or situation, instead of a real or imaginal one. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) has proved effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders such as social phobia, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and panic disorder with agoraphobia and has shown an efficacy comparable to traditional in-vivo exposure with various specific phobias such as arachnophobia, acrophobia, and fear of flying. Thanks to its versatility, VR has also found an employment within the CBT framework with other psychological disorders, such as substance abuse, eating disorders, and in inducing non-pharmacological analgesia in patients undergoing painful medical procedures. Even when VR-based therapy does not lead to better results than traditional CBT in terms of efficacy, there are several reasons for preferring it over in-vivo exposure, including patient’s comfort and safety, as well as the possibility to create complex or delicate scenarios (e.g. PTSD scenarios). In addition, VRET can be employed to facilitate the transition toward fearful objects in the real world in patients who would otherwise refuse to face real stimuli.
49 citations