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Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change

TL;DR: The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin, et al. as discussed by the authors ) presents a methodology, design, and evaluation in psychotherapy research.
Abstract: Methodology, Design, and Evaluation in Psychotherapy Research (A. Kazdin). Assessing Psychotherapy Outcomes and Processes (M. Lambert & C. Hill). The NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: Where We Began and Where We Are (I. Elkin). The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy (M. Lambert & A. Bergin). Research on Client Variables in Psychotherapy (S. Garfield). Therapist Variables (L. Beutler, et al.). Process and Outcome in PsychotherapyNoch Einmal (D. Orlinsky, et al.). Behavior Therapy with Adults (P. Emmelkamp). Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (S. Hollon & A. Beck). Psychodynamic Approaches (W. Henry, et al.). Research on Experiential Psychotherapies (L. Greenberg, et al.). Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents (A. Kazdin). The Process and Outcome of Marital and Family Therapy: Reseach Review and Evaluation (J. Alexander, et al.). Experiential Group Research (R. Bednar & T. Kaul). Research on Brief Psychotherapy (M. Koss & J. Shiang). Behavioral Medicine and Health Psychology (E. Blanchard). Medication and Psychotherapy (G. Klerman, et al.). Research on Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Populations (S. Sue, et al.). Overview, Trends, and Future Issues (A. Bergin & S. Garfield). Indexes.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the Division 12 Task Force's selection of criteria, particularly as modified by D. L. Chambless and S. Hollon (1998), was a reasonable response to these pressures.
Abstract: The conclusion of the Division 12 Task Force's report on empirically supported treatments raises 3 questions: (a) Is it desirable for the profession to specify what treatments are effective? (b) Do the criteria, either selected by the Task Force or modified by others, represent a reasonable way of identifying effective treatments? (c) Would different and less controversial conclusions have been reached if the criteria used were broadened to include naturalistic and quasi-experimental studies? It is concluded that the Task Force's selection of criteria, particularly as modified by D. L. Chambless and S. D. Hollon (1998), was a reasonable response to these pressures. Findings from studies using less stringent and controlled research designs suggest that the proposals may have resulted in less palatable conclusions than those offered in its original report.

119 citations


Cites background from "Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behav..."

  • ...This claim misrepresents both the way nominations were solicited and the complex process that followed the nomination of a therapeutic approach (Chambless,1996; Chambless,et al,,1996)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of interventions in which components of self-regulation theories (e.g., self-monitoring, self-reinforcement) were the primary treatment intervention utilized in treating habit disturbances, depression, anxiety and health-related problems with adults.

119 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of cognitive science and neuroscience concepts can increase theoretical understanding of expectancy structure and process and make available more comprehensive strategies for expectancy assessment as discussed by the authors, which may advance work that has, to date, been largely atheoretical.
Abstract: Recent developments in alcohol expectancy research and theory have converged with concepts emanating from cognitive science and neuroscience. The use of these concepts can increase theoretical understanding of expectancy structure and process and make available more comprehensive strategies for expectancy assessment. Fledgling prevention and treatment applications are currently best guided by existing research in social cognition and cognitive therapy, but cognitive science may suggest novel approaches. In particular, the grounding of prevention efforts in expectancy theory may advance work that has, to date, been largely atheoretical.

119 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2013
TL;DR: A clinical protocol for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD) based on the ubiquitous use of a biofeedback-enhanced VR system is presented, allowing patients to perform the virtual experience in an outpatient setting.
Abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that exposure therapy--in which the patient is exposed to specific feared situations or objects that trigger anxiety--is an effective way to treat anxiety disorders. However, to overcome a number of limitations inherent in this approach--lack of full control of the situation, costs and time required, etc.--some therapists have started to add virtual reality (VR) to the in vivo exposure-based therapy, providing in-office, controlled exposure therapy. Compared to the in vivo exposure, VR Exposure Therapy (VRET) is completely controlled: the quality, the intensity and the frequency of the exposure are decided by the therapist, and the therapy can be stopped at any time if the patient does not tolerate it. Moreover, the flexibility of a virtual experience allows the patient to experience situations that are often much worse and more exaggerated than those that are likely to be encountered in real life. However, a critical issue underlying the use of VRET in the treatment of anxiety-related disorders is the lack of a virtual reality system in the patient's real-life context. In this paper, we present a clinical protocol for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD) based on the ubiquitous use of a biofeedback-enhanced VR system. The protocol includes the use of a mobile exposure system allowing patients to perform the virtual experience in an outpatient setting. A between-subjects study, involving 25 GAD patients, was carried out to verify the efficacy of the proposed approach. The clinical data in this pilot study seemed to support the efficacy of the ubiquitous approach.

119 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kiel et al. as mentioned in this paper discussed the relevance of nonlinear dynamics to social work and provided a more promising empirical and mathematical basis for studying human systems, including chaos theory and complexity theory.
Abstract: At least since the 1940s, attempts have been made to construct a theory that would address the way in which ordered systems arise and behave. Social work practitioners have adopted such popular theoretical models as "general systems theory," developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others, which has sought general principles that would apply to biology, psychology, sociology, or any other discipline that sought to explore self-sustaining, "open systems" (von Bertalanffy, 1968). Similarly, theorists such as Germaine and Gitterman (1981) developed models of social work practice based on an ecological metaphor, which seek broad principles of practice that will apply across different levels of human social systems. Recently, Wakefield (1996a, 1996b, 1996c) critiqued systems theories as an important basis for social work practice. Wakefield questioned the utility of systems theory and the empirical basis of the theories. This article responds in part to these critiques by introducing advances in systems theory that provide a more promising empirical and mathematical basis for studying human systems. During the past two decades, a mixed group of physical, social, biological, and computer scientists have devoted increasing attention to two systems-related disciplines: chaos theory and complexity theory. Often termed nonlinear dynamics because they seek to understand systems that change in ways that are not amenable to the linear cause and effect models familiar to social scientists, these theoretical perspectives are thought to have application across a wide range of scientific and social scientific disciplines (Kauffman, 1995; Kiel & Elliott, 1996). This article discusses the disciplines of nonlinear dynamics - chaos and complexity - in a way that is understandable and relevant to social work practitioners and researchers. This introduction to nonlinear dynamics will be mostly conceptual in nature, but will involve some mathematics as well. As yet, no general introductory text on nonlinear dynamics aimed specifically at social scientists exists, although the volume edited by Kiel and Elliott (1996) included solid articles on most of the central issues, including data analysis and theory. For those with a modest background in calculus and a love of math textbooks, either of two books by Devaney (1989, 1992) would constitute an excellent introduction to the mathematics involved. Kaplan and Glass (1995) also gave an excellent introduction, with an emphasis on biological applications. The mathematics is actually a bit more advanced than in the two Devaney texts, but the verbal discussion is easier to follow. Peak and Frame (1994) provided a thorough introduction without using mathematics any more complicated than high school algebra. A number of enjoyable and thoroughly nonmathematical introductions to chaos theory exist, including Gleick (1987) and Briggs and Peat (1989). Kellert (1993) introduced chaos theory in a nonmathematical manner that still manages to catch many of the technical nuances, in addition to discussing its implications for the future of science. Waldrop (1992), Lewin (1992), and Johnson (1995) introduced complexity theory in a similar fashion. After this introduction, the article explores the relevance of nonlinear dynamics to social work. Some of this exploration will, unavoidably, be metaphorical; nonlinear theory in the social sciences is only now being developed, and empirical work is still in the stage of basic research. Nevertheless, we hope that this material will provide social workers with new information that will inspire new and more empirical work on the applications of systems theory to social work practice. Understanding the Meaning of Nonlinear Dynamics and Deterministic Chaos The phrase "nonlinear dynamics," like most nomenclature, sounds more intimidating than it really is when you become familiar with the vocabulary and ideas. A dynamical system is a system that changes over time (Devaney, 1992). …

119 citations