Handover in LTE-advanced wireless networks: state of art and survey of decision algorithm
TL;DR: The control plane structure of LTE/LTE-A is reviewed and a comprehensive discussion of handover procedures such as the phases, techniques, requirements, features, and challenges involved are presented.
Abstract: The increasing demand for mobile communication calls for improvements to network operating services in terms of capacity, coverage, and Quality of Services (QoS). Ensuring QoS is one of the challenges faced by wireless network operators, which include the provision of high mobility speeds, thus the implementation of a seamless and fast handover between network cells is a prominent issue that must be addressed, especially when fulfilling QoS prerequisites. Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advance has met these demands of QoS through the use of a new Radio Access Network and distribution of Radio Resource Management including the handover decision technique to evolve NodeB instead of relying on centralized control. In this paper, we review the control plane structure of LTE/LTE-A and present a comprehensive discussion of handover procedures such as the phases, techniques, requirements, features, and challenges involved. According to the overview of the handover decision phase, we surveyed and classified the present handover decision algorithms for a LTE-A system-based technology in regard to the primary handover decision technique. For each class, we describe in detail the fundamental operations and decision parameters using representative algorithms. A summary of input parameters, techniques, and performance evaluation of the handover decision algorithms concludes this work.
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TL;DR: A fuzzy logic-based scheme exploiting a user velocity and a radio channel quality to adapt a hysteresis margin for handover decision in a self-optimizing manner to reduce a number of redundant handovers and a handover failure ratio while allowing the users to exploit benefits of the dense small cell deployment.
Abstract: To satisfy requirements on future mobile network, a large number of small cells should be deployed. In such scenario, mobility management becomes a critical issue in order to ensure seamless connectivity with a reasonable overhead. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy logic-based scheme exploiting a user velocity and a radio channel quality to adapt a hysteresis margin for handover decision in a self-optimizing manner. The objective of the proposed algorithm is to reduce a number of redundant handovers and a handover failure ratio while allowing the users to exploit benefits of the dense small cell deployment. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm efficiently suppresses ping pong effect and keeps it at a negligible level (below 1%) in all investigated scenarios. Moreover, the handover failure ratio and the total number of handovers are notably reduced with respect to existing algorithms, especially in scenario with high number of small cells. In addition, the proposed scheme keeps the time spent by the users connected to the small cells at a similar level as the competitive algorithms. Thus, the benefits of the dense small cell deployment for the users are preserved.
62 citations
TL;DR: An intelligent scheme based on AHP-TOPSIS method and Q-learning approach is proposed for handover optimization and results show that the proposed scheme minimizes the Handover Failure Rate (HFR) and Handover Ping-Pong (HPP), effectively to 28%, 25% and 35%, 33% as compared to conventional method and Fuzzy Multiple-Criteria Cell Selection (FMCCS) scheme.
55 citations
TL;DR: This paper attempts to present handover management challenges and the outline of modern handover decision algorithms in between the evolved NodeB (eNB) and HeNB, and comprehensive details of the handover procedure in LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks are presented.
Abstract: The Heterogeneous Network is widely used in the Fifth Generation wireless network to solve the problem of increasing demand on wireless communication. Femtocell or called Home-evolved NodeB (HeNB) is one of the small cells nominated to be used in this generation. HeNB is a low-power, low-cost, and short coverage area base station randomly assigned by the user. Therefore, HeNB is used in Long Term Evolution (LTE/LTE-Advanced) to support Quality of Service next to conventional cell. Based on the short range and dense use of HeNB, the seamless handover procedure is one of the challenges HeNet system is facing. Though there are numerous present literature work for handover decision issues, this paper attempts to present handover management challenges and the outline of modern handover decision algorithms in between the evolved NodeB (eNB) and HeNB. Furthermore, comprehensive details of the handover procedure in LTE-A Heterogeneous Networks are presented. This survey categorizes the recent studies in decision algorithms for the two-tier network (eNB and HeNB) regarding the main decision technique. Finally, a comprehensive summary of input parameters, techniques, and performance evaluation for each handover decision scheme are discussed by providing the advantage and disadvantage of each category.
32 citations
01 Oct 2020
TL;DR: Fundamental background concepts and notions used in the 5G wireless communication system are provided and different HO techniques and management schemes that perform acceptably in the dynamic nature of next-generation wireless networks are studied.
Abstract: The importance of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is increased after enabling the high band spectrum such as millimeter Wave (mmWave), in the development of the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication system. In a HetNet, small cells are suitable to operate by using mmWave due to its short-range, while macrocells are liable to use long-range radio waves. As a result, the performance of the next generations of wireless communication systems will enhance dramatically. However, the networks' architecture has become more complex and challenging to manage and optimize. Besides, the handover (HO) among small cells is another big challenge and needs to address it on a prior basis. Different techniques are proposed in the literature to improve the current network architectures. In this paper, we provide fundamental background concepts and notions used in the 5G wireless communication system. Besides, we study different HO techniques and management schemes that perform acceptably in the dynamic nature of next-generation wireless networks. Finally, the software-defined network and machine learning-based approaches are suggested as solutions for HO management in the 5G HetNet system.
20 citations
Cites background from "Handover in LTE-advanced wireless n..."
...Although the HO procedures vary for different technologies, they can be modelled following four phases: measurement phase, HO preparation phase, HO execution phase, HO completion phase [12-14]....
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TL;DR: An advanced handover technique is proposed, which consolidates the present UE moving direction and its history information and significantly reduced the number of handovers, the signaling measurements number, the packet delay ratio, and the packet loss ratio and increased the throughput.
Abstract: The handover is one of the basic elements in the mobility management of Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) wireless systems. It permits the user equipment (UE) to wander between LTE-A wireless networks. LTE-A purely depends on the hard handover, which may cause disconnection to occur if the handover is not fast enough. In this paper, an advanced handover technique is proposed, which consolidates the present UE moving direction and its history information. The proposed technique tracks the UE positions to determine its direction. When the UE is close to the handover spot, the UE begins to look into its history, so as to select the target cell. In the event that the UE trajectory does not exist in the history or the load of target cell is full, the UE and its serving cell will begin looking for a target cell through the use of a cosine function and distance in order to select the target cell. Through the direct selection of the evolved NodeB target in the handover, the performance of the network transmission is seen to improve. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and then compared with the 3GPP standard handover and existing work depending on handover number, number of signaling measurements, packet delay ratio, packet loss ratio, and throughput. The simulation with LTE-Sim proves that the proposed algorithm significantly reduced the number of handovers, the signaling measurements number, the packet delay ratio, and the packet loss ratio and increased the throughput.
18 citations
References
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Book•
29 Aug 2011
TL;DR: Scrase et al. as discussed by the authors provide a comprehensive system-level understanding of LTE, built on explanations of the theories which underlie it, and provide a broad, balanced and reliable perspective on this important technology Lucid yet thorough, the book devotes particular effort to explaining the theoretical concepts in an accessible way.
Abstract: Where this book is exceptional is that the reader will not just learn how LTE works but why it works Adrian Scrase, ETSI Vice-President, International Partnership Projects LTE - The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice provides the reader with a comprehensive system-level understanding of LTE, built on explanations of the theories which underlie it The book is the product of a collaborative effort of key experts representing a wide range of companies actively participating in the development of LTE, as well as academia This gives the book a broad, balanced and reliable perspective on this important technology Lucid yet thorough, the book devotes particular effort to explaining the theoretical concepts in an accessible way, while retaining scientific rigour It highlights practical implications and draws comparisons with the well-known WCDMA/HSPA standards The authors not only pay special attention to the physical layer, giving insight into the fundamental concepts of OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO, but also cover the higher protocol layers and system architecture to enable the reader to gain an overall understanding of the system Key Features: Draws on the breadth of experience of a wide range of key experts from both industry and academia, giving the book a balanced and broad perspective on LTE Provides a detailed description and analysis of the complete LTE system, especially the ground-breaking new physical layer Offers a solid treatment of the underlying advances in fundamental communications and information theory on which LTE is based Addresses practical issues and implementation challenges related to the deployment of LTE as a cellular system Includes an accompanying website containing a complete list of acronyms related to LTE, with a brief description of each (http://wwwwileycom/go/sesia_theumts) This book is an invaluable reference for all research and development engineers involved in LTE implementation, as well as graduate and PhD students in wireless communications Network operators, service providers and R&D managers will also find this book insightful
3,452 citations
"Handover in LTE-advanced wireless n..." refers methods in this paper
...In addition, the S1-Based handover procedure has three phases, similar to the phases of the X2-based handover procedure [41]....
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TL;DR: The need for an alternative strategy, where low power nodes are overlaid within a macro network, creating what is referred to as a heterogeneous network is discussed, and a high-level overview of the 3GPP LTE air interface, network nodes, and spectrum allocation options is provided, along with the enabling mechanisms.
Abstract: As the spectral efficiency of a point-to-point link in cellular networks approaches its theoretical limits, with the forecasted explosion of data traffic, there is a need for an increase in the node density to further improve network capacity. However, in already dense deployments in today's networks, cell splitting gains can be severely limited by high inter-cell interference. Moreover, high capital expenditure cost associated with high power macro nodes further limits viability of such an approach. This article discusses the need for an alternative strategy, where low power nodes are overlaid within a macro network, creating what is referred to as a heterogeneous network. We survey current state of the art in heterogeneous deployments and focus on 3GPP LTE air interface to describe future trends. A high-level overview of the 3GPP LTE air interface, network nodes, and spectrum allocation options is provided, along with the enabling mechanisms for heterogeneous deployments. Interference management techniques that are critical for LTE heterogeneous deployments are discussed in greater detail. Cell range expansion, enabled through cell biasing and adaptive resource partitioning, is seen as an effective method to balance the load among the nodes in the network and improve overall trunking efficiency. An interference cancellation receiver plays a crucial role in ensuring acquisition of weak cells and reliability of control and data reception in the presence of legacy signals.
1,734 citations
"Handover in LTE-advanced wireless n..." refers background in this paper
...In this case, there are three links among UE, RN, and DeNB: the backhaul link connects the RNwith DeNB, the access link connects the RNwith UE, and the direct link connects the UE with DeNB [23]....
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...Centralized RN is responsible for the realization of layer L1 and L2, yet the full control is accorded to DeNB, while the decentralized RN is responsible for L2 and L3 realization and also works as an eNB for UE service, but is also still under the control of DeNB [23]....
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01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: The concept of heterogeneous networks is presented and the major technical challenges associated with such network architecture are described and focused on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interference coordination.
Abstract: GPP LTE-Advanced has recently been investigating heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments as a cost effective way to deal with the unrelenting traffic demand. HetNets consist of a mix of macrocells, remote radio heads, and low-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relays. Leveraging network topology, increasing the proximity between the access net- work and the end users, has the potential to pro- vide the next significant performance leap in wireless networks, improving spatial spectrum reuse and enhancing indoor coverage. Neverthe- less, deployment of a large number of small cells overlaying the macrocells is not without new technical challenges. In this article, we present the concept of heterogeneous networks and also describe the major technical challenges associat- ed with such network architecture. We focus in particular on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interfer- ence coordination.
947 citations
"Handover in LTE-advanced wireless n..." refers background in this paper
...A, new challenges and factors have appeared, which affect the handover procedure [42]....
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...In [42], the authors introduced an enhancement to the inter-cell interference coordination in a wireless network and in [43], the authors introduced a simulation of the enhancement of inter-cell interference coordination and proved its enhancement in regard to HF and HLF....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the concept of heterogeneous networks and also describe the major technical challenges associated with such network architecture, focusing in particular on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interference coordination.
Abstract: 3GPP LTE-Advanced has recently been investigating heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments as a cost effective way to deal with the unrelenting traffic demand. HetNets consist of a mix of macrocells, remote radio heads, and low-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relays. Leveraging network topology, increasing the proximity between the access network and the end users, has the potential to provide the next significant performance leap in wireless networks, improving spatial spectrum reuse and enhancing indoor coverage. Nevertheless, deployment of a large number of small cells overlaying the macrocells is not without new technical challenges. In this article, we present the concept of heterogeneous networks and also describe the major technical challenges associated with such network architecture. We focus in particular on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interference coordination.
945 citations
TL;DR: The open-source framework LTE-Sim is presented to provide a complete performance verification of LTE networks and has been conceived to simulate uplink and downlink scheduling strategies in multicell/multiuser environments, taking into account user mobility, radio resource optimization, frequency reuse techniques, the adaptive modulation and coding module, and other aspects that are very relevant to the industrial and scientific communities.
Abstract: Long-term evolution (LTE) represents an emerging and promising technology for providing broadband ubiquitous Internet access. For this reason, several research groups are trying to optimize its performance. Unfortunately, at present, to the best of our knowledge, no open-source simulation platforms, which the scientific community can use to evaluate the performance of the entire LTE system, are freely available. The lack of a common reference simulator does not help the work of researchers and poses limitations on the comparison of results claimed by different research groups. To bridge this gap, herein, the open-source framework LTE-Sim is presented to provide a complete performance verification of LTE networks. LTE-Sim has been conceived to simulate uplink and downlink scheduling strategies in multicell/multiuser environments, taking into account user mobility, radio resource optimization, frequency reuse techniques, the adaptive modulation and coding module, and other aspects that are very relevant to the industrial and scientific communities. The effectiveness of the proposed simulator has been tested and verified considering 1) the software scalability test, which analyzes both memory and simulation time requirements; and 2) the performance evaluation of a realistic LTE network providing a comparison among well-known scheduling strategies.
685 citations