Hantaviruses: Immunology, Treatment, and Prevention
20 Dec 2004-Viral Immunology (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2 Madison Avenue Larchmont, NY 10538 USA)-Vol. 17, Iss: 4, pp 481-497
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantaviral host immune responses, immune abnormalities, laboratory diagnosis, and antiviral therapy as well as the current approaches in vaccine development.
Abstract: Hantaviruses are rodent-borne bunyaviruses that are associated with two main clinical diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. It has been suggested that host-related immune mechanisms rather than direct viral cytopathology may be responsible for the principal abnormality (vascular dysfunction) in these syndromes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantaviral host immune responses, immune abnormalities, laboratory diagnosis, and antiviral therapy as well as the current approaches in vaccine development.
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TL;DR: A large number of pathogens that are directly or indirectly transmitted by rodents are described and a simplified rodent disease model is discussed.
Abstract: Rodents are the most abundant and diversified order of living mammals in the world. Already since the Middle Ages we know that they can contribute to human disease, as black rats were associated with distribution of plague. However, also in modern times rodents form a threat for public health. In this review article a large number of pathogens that are directly or indirectly transmitted by rodents are described. Moreover, a simplified rodent disease model is discussed.
757 citations
Cites background or methods from "Hantaviruses: Immunology, Treatment..."
...This denotes a group of similar illnesses throughout Eurasia and adjacent territories (Scandinavia, China, Russia, Korea, Balkans, Western Europe) (Vapalahti et al. 2003)....
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...flavicollis) has been associated with severe HFRS, especially in the Balkans (Avsic-Zupanc et al. 2000; Brus et al. 2002; Maes et al. 2004; Sibold et al. 1999; Vapalahti et al. 2003)....
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...…Bolivia and Peru, Bermejo Virus (BRMV) in Chacoan pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys chacoensis), Oran virus (ORNV) in long-tailed rice-rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) in North Western Argentina and Maciel virus (MACV) in dark field mice (Necromys benefactus) in Central Argentina (Maes et al. 2004)....
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...Currently, there are no therapeutics against HPS, although several approaches are being explored in order to change this (Jonsson et al. 2008; Maes et al. 2004)....
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...Choclo virus (CHOV) was reported in fulvous pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys fulvescens) in Panama, while Lechiguanuas virus (LECHV) was reported in the same rodent species in Central Argentina (Maes et al. 2004)....
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TL;DR: NE peaks in year 0 are induced by abundant mast formation in year-1, facilitating bank vole survival during winter, thus putting the local human population at risk from the spring onwards of year 0, predicting that with the anticipated climate changes due to global warming, NE might become a highly endemic disease in Belgium and surrounding countries.
Abstract: Nephropathia epidemica (NE), an emerging rodent-borne viral disease, has become the most important cause of infectious acute renal failure in Belgium, with sharp increases in incidence occurring for more than a decade. Bank voles are the rodent reservoir of the responsible hantavirus and are known to display cyclic population peaks. We tried to relate these peaks to the cyclic NE outbreaks observed since 1993. Our hypothesis was that the ecological causal connection was the staple food source for voles, being seeds of deciduous broad-leaf trees, commonly called "mast". We also examined whether past temperature and precipitation preceding "mast years" were statistically linked to these NE outbreaks. Since 1993, each NE peak is immediately preceded by a mast year, resulting in significantly higher NE case numbers during these peaks (Spearman R = -0.82; P = 0.034). NE peaks are significantly related to warmer autumns the year before (R = 0.51; P < 0.001), hotter summers two years before (R = 0.32; P < 0.001), but also to colder (R = -0.25; P < 0.01) and more moist summers (R = 0.39; P < 0.001) three years before. Summer correlations were even more pronounced, when only July was singled out as the most representative summer month. NE peaks in year 0 are induced by abundant mast formation in year-1, facilitating bank vole survival during winter, thus putting the local human population at risk from the spring onwards of year 0. This bank vole survival is further promoted by higher autumn temperatures in year-1, whereas mast formation itself is primed by higher summer temperatures in year-2. Both summer and autumn temperatures have been rising to significantly higher levels during recent years, explaining the virtually continuous epidemic state since 2005 of a zoonosis, considered rare until recently. Moreover, in 2007 a NE peak and an abundant mast formation occurred for the first time within the same year, thus forecasting yet another record NE incidence for 2008. We therefore predict that with the anticipated climate changes due to global warming, NE might become a highly endemic disease in Belgium and surrounding countries.
277 citations
Cites background from "Hantaviruses: Immunology, Treatment..."
...PUUV infection causes nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), the general denomination of hantavirus disease in the rest of the Old World [1-3]....
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TL;DR: Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the genetic material demonstrate a novel hantavirus species, which the authors propose to name "Sangassou virus".
Abstract: Hantaviruses are rodent-borne, emerging viruses that cause life-threatening human diseases in Eurasia and the Americas. We detected hantavirus genome sequences in an African wood mouse (Hylomyscus simus) captured in Sangassou, Guinea. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the genetic material demonstrate a novel hantavirus species, which we propose to name "Sangassou virus."
271 citations
Cites background from "Hantaviruses: Immunology, Treatment..."
...One should remember that Hantavirus in African Wood Mouse, Guinea Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 12, No. 5, May 2006 839 HPS and Sigmodontinae-associated hantaviruses were not recognized until 1993, even in such a highly developed country as the United States....
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...SNV from North America and Andes virus (ANDV) from South America are the most prominent examples of viruses causing HPS (3,5)....
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...Hantaviruses, family Bunyaviridae, are emerging virus-es that cause 2 life-threatening human zoonoses: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS, also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome)....
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TL;DR: The absolute incidence of ARF has increased, while associated mortality rate has remained relatively static, and several factors have contributed to this altered epidemiology, which include site of disease onset, patient age, infections, and interventions.
Abstract: Different definitions of acute renal failure (ARF) abound. The existence of multiple definitions makes it difficult to determine the true epidemiological characteristics of this condition. Despite this difficulty, it has been possible to detect notable variations in the epidemiology of ARF during the past few decades. The absolute incidence of ARF has increased, while associated mortality rate has remained relatively static. Several factors have contributed to this altered epidemiology. Here, we discuss the relative contribution of these factors, which include site of disease onset (developed or developing countries, community or hospital or intensive care unit), patient age, infections (HIV, malaria, leptospirosis and hantavirus), concomitant illnesses (cardiopulmonary failure, hemato-oncological disease), and interventions (hematopoietic progenitor cell and solid organ transplantation).
252 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomically diverse set of single-stranded ribonucleic acid(ssRNA) viruses from four diverse viral families cause an acute systemic febrile syndrome called viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF).
209 citations
References
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TL;DR: Protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion, indicating that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock and suggesting that antibodies against Cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
Abstract: Bacterial infection of the mammalian bloodstream can lead to overwhelming sepsis, a potentially fatal syndrome of irreversible cardiovascular collapse (shock) and critical organ failure. Cachectin, also known as tumour necrosis factor, is a macrophage-derived peptide hormone released in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and it has been implicated as a principal mediator of endotoxic shock, although its function in bacterial sepsis is not known. Anaesthetized baboons were passively immunized against endogenous cachectin and subsequently infused with an LD100 dose of live Escherichia coli. Control animals (not immunized against cachectin) developed hypotension followed by lethal renal and pulmonary failure. Neutralizing monoclonal anti-cachectin antibody fragments (F(ab′)2) administered to baboons only one hour before bacterial challenge protected against shock, but did not prevent critical organ failure. Complete protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion. These results indicate that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock, and suggest that antibodies against cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
2,568 citations
2,505 citations
TL;DR: The author’s website is www.hematologylibrary.org, which can be found online at http://bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml.
1,098 citations
TL;DR: A mysterious respiratory illness with high mortality was recently reported in the southwestern United States and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the associated virus to be a new hantavirus and provided a direct genetic link between infection in patients and rodents.
Abstract: A mysterious respiratory illness with high mortality was recently reported in the southwestern United States. Serologic studies implicated the hantaviruses, rodent-borne RNA viruses usually associated elsewhere in the world with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. A genetic detection assay amplified hantavirus-specific DNA fragments from RNA extracted from the tissues of patients and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) caught at or near patient residences. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the associated virus to be a new hantavirus and provided a direct genetic link between infection in patients and rodents.
1,028 citations
TL;DR: Diagnostic increases in immunofluorescent antibodies occurred in 113 of 116 severe and 11 of 34 milder cases of clinically suspected Korean hemorrhagic fever and Convalescent-phase sera from four persons suffering a similar disease in the Soviet Union were also positive for antibodies.
Abstract: Lung tissues from 73 rodents (Apodemus agrarius coreae) gave specific immunofluorescent reactions when they reacted with sera from patients convalescing from Korean hemorrhagic fever. Similar staaining was observed in the lungs of A. agrarius inoculated with acute-phase sera obtained from two patients with this disease. The unidentified agent was successfully propagated in adult A. agrarius through eight passages representing a cumulative dilution of greater than 10(-17). Experimentally inoculated rodents developed specific fluorescent antigen in the lung, kidney, liver, parotid glands, and bladder. Organs, especially lungs, were positive beginning 10 days and continuing through 69 days after inoculation. The agent could not be cultivated in several types of cell cultures nor in laboratory animals. No fluorescence was observed when infected A. agrarius lung tissues were reacted with antisera to Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and serval arenaviruses. Diagnostic increases in immunofluorescent antibodies occurred in 113 of 116 severe and 11 of 34 milder cases of clinically suspected Korean hemorrhagic fever. Antibodies were present during the first week of symptoms, reached a peak at the end of the second week, and persisted for up to 14 years. Convalescent-phase sera from four persons suffering a similar disease in the Soviet Union were also positive for antibodies.
796 citations