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Journal ArticleDOI

Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing

TL;DR: An open dialogue between basic and clinical scientists, regulatory authorities, food and nutrition industry, and consumers could bridge the gap between science and marketing of probiotics.
Abstract: Health claims for probiotics are evaluated by the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority. Despite a substantial amount of basic and clinical research on the beneficial effects of probiotics, all of the evaluated claim applications thus far have received a negative opinion. With the restrictions on the use of clinical endpoints, validated biomarkers for gut health and immune health in relation to reduction in disease risk are needed. Clear-cut criteria for design as well as evaluation of future studies are needed. An open dialogue between basic and clinical scientists, regulatory authorities, food and nutrition industry, and consumers could bridge the gap between science and marketing of probiotics.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most of the Bacillus species isolated from the iru samples had very poor probiotic properties and high level of antibiotic resistance (especially to first line antibiotics) was recorded among isolates.
Abstract: Bacillus spp. associated with two types of fermented African locust beans iru woro and iru pete were isolated and screened for probiotic potentials using standard microbiological techniques. The total bacterial counts for iru woro (pH 8.4) and iru pete (with pH 8.1) were 6.4314 and 6.4771 log10CFU/g respectively. In the two samples, the load of aerobic sporeformers were 6.2068 and 6.2553 log10CFU/g. In the samples Bacillus subtilis had the highest occurrence (44%), followed by B. lichenliformis (28%) and B. megaterium (24%) while B. coagulans had the least (4%). Only 28% of Bacillus isolates produced caseinase, while 28% produced haemolysin. Majority of these isolates showed tolerance to salt at concentrations less than 5% and also grew fairly at pH tending to neutral. Bacillus subtilis P14, Bacillus lichenliformis P12 and Bacillus megaterium P6 grew at 3.0% bile. Percentage hydophobicity, auto-aggregation and co-aggregation of the isolates ranged from 49.00 to 65.00%, -53.00 to 84.00% and -69.44 to 36.08% respectively. High level of antibiotic Original Research Article David et al.; BBJ, 10(4): 1-12, 2016; Article no.BBJ.17698 2 resistance (especially to first line antibiotics) was recorded among isolates. Most of the Bacillus species isolated from the iru samples had very poor probiotic properties. Molecular and in vitro probiotic properties of promising candidates are still open to investigation.

3 citations


Cites background from "Health benefits and health claims o..."

  • ...Probiotics as more recently described as live microorganisms serving beneficial effects to humans and animals when consumed in adequate amounts [29,30]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Averina et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the role of the HGM microbiome, the immunomodulatory potential of lactobacilli, as well as other probiotic bacteria, and COVID-19 infection together into a single systemic problem.
Abstract: The renaissance of interest in the bacteria inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) manifested itself 10–15 years ago, after the fact of bidirectional gut–brain communication had been established (Rhee et al., 2009; Foster and Neufeld, 2013; Averina and Danilenko, 2017; Cryan et al., 2019). Along with the successful metagenomic sequencing of intestinal (fecal) samples, the obtainment of experimental data, and the simultaneous development of the techniques of bioinformatic data analysis, this interdisciplinary trend has become one of leading trends in the science of life (Klimina et al., 2020; Averina et al., 2020). Today, it is obvious that the gastrointestinal microbiota (the microbiome) communicates directly and indirectly with all human organs and systems, being one of the key integrating mechanisms for the maintenance of homeostasis (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Grosicki et al., 2018; Kastl et al., 2020). The effects of HGM bacteria, in particular, lactobacilli, on the functions of the immune system have been known since the time of discovery of this phenomenon by the academician I.I. Mechnikov (Marco et al., 2006), and they have been studied over the past 100 years. The genus Lactobacillus is an important HGM inhabitant that exerts a substantial effect on the function of the immune system (Galdeano and Perdigon, 2006; Abdo et al., 2019). Many lactobacillus strains belonging to more than 120 species have been used in probiotics and postbiotics (Shenderov, 2013; Marsova et al., 2020а, 2020b; Novik and Savich, 2020). The genomes of many thousands of Lactobacillus strains were sequenced, and the methods of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis were used to detect the genes and their products responsible for interactions with the host organism, including the immune system (Zhang et al., 2018). Hence, it was possible to proceed from the era of probiotics to the development of pharmbiotics, drugs based on bacteria with the classical probiotic properties but with the identified active component(s), mechanisms of action, and an experimentally confirmed efficiency against particular nosological forms (Oleskin and Shenderov, 2019). There is an abundance of data indicating the role of microbiota in the development of various diseases (psychiatric, oncologic, autoimmune and infectious) (Blumberg and Powrie, 2012; Gilbert et al., 2016; Levy et al., 2017). Lactobacilli-based drugs are considered psychobiotics (Yunes et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2019; Cheng et al., 2019), probiotics exhibiting antioxidant potential (Marsova et al., 2018, 2020а, 2020b; Talib et al., 2019), and immunobiotics (Averina et al., 2015; Tada et al., 2016). The year of 2020 saw the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The apparent role of the HGM in the maintenance of the immune system and the significant effect of the immune system of a particular person on the course of disease compel us to take a closer look at the neuromodulating, antioxidant, and immunomodulating potentials of the HGM. The specific properties of lactobacilli as potential immunomodulating agents for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 require further analysis of this aspect. In the present review, we attempted to bring the HGM microbiome, the immunomodulatory potential of lactobacilli, as well as other probiotic bacteria, and COVID-19 infection together into a single systemic problem.

3 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
04 Mar 2010-Nature
TL;DR: The Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals are described, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species.
Abstract: To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, ~150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively

9,268 citations


"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For the fifty-seven most common bacterial species identified by metagenome sequence analysis in the human gut, the inter-individual variability of abundance is between 12- and 2187-fold((16))....

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  • ...However, a clearly distinct composition of gut microbiota, both compared with healthy individuals and between the two diseases, is found in inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)((16))....

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Journal ArticleDOI
29 May 2008-Nature
TL;DR: It is reported here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus and that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease.
Abstract: Humans are colonized by multitudes of commensal organisms representing members of five of the six kingdoms of life; however, our gastrointestinal tract provides residence to both beneficial and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalances in the composition of the bacterial microbiota, known as dysbiosis, are postulated to be a major factor in human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. We report here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential. This beneficial activity requires a single microbial molecule (polysaccharide A, PSA). In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonization leads to disease and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in colonic tissues. Purified PSA administered to animals is required to suppress pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 production by intestinal immune cells and also inhibits in vitro reactions in cell cultures. Furthermore, PSA protects from inflammatory disease through a functional requirement for interleukin-10-producing CD4+ T cells. These results show that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease. Harnessing the immunomodulatory capacity of symbiosis factors such as PSA might potentially provide therapeutics for human inflammatory disorders on the basis of entirely novel biological principles.

2,097 citations


"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...In a series of landmark publications((7,19,20)), Dennis Kasper’s group has demonstrated that the capsular polysaccharide polysaccharide A of Bacteroides fragilis is indispensable for normal development of mucosal T lymphocytes and control of exper-...

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  • ...Unfortunately, with a few exceptions((7,8)), the genes that determine or underlie the health benefit delivered by specific probiotic strains have not been identified to date....

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Journal ArticleDOI
17 May 2010-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for the fact that the ageing process deeply affects the structure of the human gut microbiota, as well as its homeostasis with the host's immune system, because of its crucial role in the host physiology and health status.
Abstract: Background: Age-related physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modifications in lifestyle, nutritional behaviour, and functionality of the host immune system, inevitably affect the gut microbiota, resulting in a greater susceptibility to infections. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using the Human Intestinal Tract Chip (HITChip) and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes of Bacteria and Archaea, we explored the age-related differences in the gut microbiota composition among young adults, elderly, and centenarians, i.e subjects who reached the extreme limits of the human lifespan, living for over 100 years. We observed that the microbial composition and diversity of the gut ecosystem of young adults and seventy-years old people is highly similar but differs significantly from that of the centenarians. After 100 years of symbiotic association with the human host, the microbiota is characterized by a rearrangement in the Firmicutes population and an enrichment in facultative anaerobes, notably pathobionts. The presence of such a compromised microbiota in the centenarians is associated with an increased inflammatory status, also known as inflammageing, as determined by a range of peripheral blood inflammatory markers. This may be explained by a remodelling of the centenarians’ microbiota, with a marked decrease in Faecalibacterium prauznitzii and relatives, symbiotic species with reported anti-inflammatory properties. As signature bacteria of the long life we identified specifically Eubacterium limosum and relatives that were more than ten-fold increased in the centenarians. Conclusions/Significance: We provide evidence for the fact that the ageing process deeply affects the structure of the human gut microbiota, as well as its homeostasis with the host’s immune system. Because of its crucial role in the host physiology and health status, age-related differences in the gut microbiota composition may be related to the progression of diseases and frailty in the elderly population.

1,180 citations


"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Moreover, the intestinal microbiota also changes in time as was illustrated recently in a study, in which age groups up to 100 years were compared((17))....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nonclassic actions of vitamin D are cell specific and provide a number of potential new clinical applications for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogs, however, the use ofitamin D metabolites and analogs for these applications remains limited by the classic actions of Vitamin D leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria.
Abstract: Context: Vitamin D receptors are found in most tissues, not just those participating in the classic actions of vitamin D such as bone, gut, and kidney. These nonclassic tissues are therefore potential targets for the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D. Furthermore, many of these tissues also contain the enzyme CYP27B1 capable of producing 1,25(OH)2D from the circulating form of vitamin D. This review was intended to highlight the actions of 1,25(OH)2D in several of these tissues but starts with a review of vitamin D production, metabolism, and molecular mechanism. Evidence Acquisition: Medline was searched for articles describing actions of 1,25(OH)2D on parathyroid hormone and insulin secretion, immune responses, keratinocytes, and cancer. Evidence Synthesis: Vitamin D production in the skin provides an efficient source of vitamin D. Subsequent metabolism to 1,25(OH)2D within nonrenal tissues differs from that in the kidney. Although vitamin D receptor mediates the actions of 1,25(OH)2D, regulati...

882 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review highlights the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs with respect to host pattern recognition receptors of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Abstract: Interactions between host cell receptors and the surface molecules of bacteria are important determinants of the nature of the relationship between the two organisms. In this Review, Lebeer, Vanderleyden and De Keersmaecker examine the signalling interactions of probiotic bacterial cell surface molecules. How can probiotic bacteria transduce their health benefits to the host? Bacterial cell surface macromolecules are key factors in this beneficial microorganism–host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In this Review, we highlight the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs. Research on host–probiotic interactions can benefit from well-documented host–microorganism studies that span the spectrum from pathogenicity to mutualism. Distinctions and parallels are therefore drawn with the interactions of similar molecules that are presented by gastrointestinal commensals and pathogens.

852 citations


"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For a number of strains, it has been demonstrated now that the probiotic bacteria can bind to receptors on cells of the immune system including dendritic cells((27))....

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