Health benefits and health claims of probiotics: bridging science and marketing
14 Nov 2011-British Journal of Nutrition (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 106, Iss: 9, pp 1291-1296
TL;DR: An open dialogue between basic and clinical scientists, regulatory authorities, food and nutrition industry, and consumers could bridge the gap between science and marketing of probiotics.
Abstract: Health claims for probiotics are evaluated by the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies of the European Food Safety Authority. Despite a substantial amount of basic and clinical research on the beneficial effects of probiotics, all of the evaluated claim applications thus far have received a negative opinion. With the restrictions on the use of clinical endpoints, validated biomarkers for gut health and immune health in relation to reduction in disease risk are needed. Clear-cut criteria for design as well as evaluation of future studies are needed. An open dialogue between basic and clinical scientists, regulatory authorities, food and nutrition industry, and consumers could bridge the gap between science and marketing of probiotics.
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TL;DR: A randomized controlled clinical trial of a 6-week probiotic intervention in HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs) was conducted in this article , where participants were randomly assigned probiotics or placebo and provided fecal samples at baseline and 6 weeks follow-up, which were sequenced using 16S-V3-V4 rRNA to characterize the gut microbiome.
Abstract: BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal symptoms are clinical features of Huntington's disease (HD), which adversely affect people's quality of life. We recently reported the first evidence of gut dysbiosis in HD gene expansion carriers (HDGECs). Here, we report on a randomized controlled clinical trial of a 6-week probiotic intervention in HDGECs.
OBJECTIVE
The primary objective was to determine whether probiotics improved gut microbiome composition in terms of richness, evenness, structure, and diversity of functional pathways and enzymes. Exploratory objectives were to determine whether probiotic supplementation improved cognition, mood, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
METHODS
Forty-one HDGECs, including 19 early manifest and 22 premanifest HDGECs were compared with 36 matched-healthy controls (HCs). Participants were randomly assigned probiotics or placebo and provided fecal samples at baseline and 6-week follow-up, which were sequenced using 16S-V3-V4 rRNA to characterize the gut microbiome. Participants completed a battery of cognitive tests and self-report questionnaires measuring mood and gastrointestinal symptoms.
RESULTS
HDGECs had altered gut microbiome diversity when compared to HCs, indicating gut dysbiosis. Probiotic intervention did not ameliorate gut dysbiosis or have any effect on cognition, mood, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut microbiome differences between HDGECs and HCs were unchanged across time points, suggesting consistency of gut microbiome differences within groups.
CONCLUSION
Despite the lack of probiotic effects in this trial, the potential utility of the gut as a therapeutic target in HD should continue to be explored given the clinical symptomology, gut dysbiosis, and positive results from probiotics and other gut interventions in similar neurodegenerative diseases.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the anticancer activity and toxicity of fermented juices from six Thai plants, Garcinia mangostana Linn., Tinospora crispa Linn, Litchi chinensis Sonn, Dimocarpus longan Lour., Curcuma xanthorrhiza (CX) Roxb., and Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.
Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer activity and toxicity of fermented juices from six Thai plants, Garcinia mangostana Linn., Tinospora crispa Linn., Litchi chinensis Sonn., Dimocarpus longan Lour., Curcuma xanthorrhiza (CX) Roxb., and Averrhoa bilimbi Linn., in normal cells as compared with common commercial fermented juices. Methods: The plants were fermented for 3 months, and their biological activities including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and tyrosinase inhibition activities were subsequently evaluated. Furthermore, their in vitro anticancer activities in human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), cervical cancer (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and murine melanoma (B16F10) cell lines and their toxicities in normal human skin fibroblasts were assessed. Results: The fermented juice of CX showed a higher antioxidant activity than those of the other plants, with an SC50 (DPPH scavenging) value of 0.011 mg/mL, an IPC50 (lipid peroxidation inhibition) of 0.027 mg/mL, an MC50 (metal chelating) value of 0.170 mg/mL, and an IC50 (tyrosinase inhibition) of 0.027 mg/mL. Moreover, the fermented juice of CX displayed selective toxicity in cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG2, and B16F10), with a significantly lower toxicity in normal human skin fibroblasts as compared with an expensive commercial fermented juice product. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the fermented juice of CX can be developed as a functional food supplement with antioxidant properties or as an anticancer product with low toxicity to normal human skin fibroblasts.
1 citations
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TL;DR: Spitzer et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that severe acute malnutrition (SAM) tritt in der Regel im Alter von drei Monaten bis zwei Jahren auf and hat beim Vorliegen der schweren Form (SAM), eine hohe Mortalität von 20-50% innerhalb von zwei Tagen.
Abstract: Korrespondenzadresse Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Spitzer, Universitätsklinikum Ulm Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie III Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075 Ulm Von Mangelernährung bei Armut und den dadurch bedingten massiven Beeinträchtigungen der Entwicklung von Körper, Gehirn und Geist war an dieser Stelle bereits mehrfach die Rede (53, 54). Dabei wurde klar: Unterernährung schadet Kindern deswegen mehr als Erwachsenen, weil sie deren Entwicklung zum normalen Erwachsenen beeinträchtigt und daher teilweise irreparable Schäden nach sich zieht. Aus meiner Kindheit sind mir noch die vielen schrecklichen Bilder in Nachrichten über den damals in Nigeria tobenden Bürgerkrieg mit der abtrünnigen Provinz Biafra (Biafra-Krieg vom 6. Juli 1967 bis 15. Januar 1970) in Erinnerung, in denen immer wieder völlig abgemagerte kleine Kinder mit dicken Bäuchen zu sehen waren (▶Abb. 1). Erst im Studium lernte ich, dass sie an einer rätselhaften Krankheit namens Kwashiorkor2 litten, bei der die Leber aus Proteinmangel das aufgenommene Fett nicht abgeben kann und daher in sich anreichert. Zugleich bestehen Eiweißmangelödeme und Anämie, eine Entfärbung der Haare und eine dünne Haut sowie eine generelle Apathie – einschließlich Appetitmangel. Heute spricht man von schwerer akuter Unterernährung – severe acute malnutrition (SAM) – oder von mäßiger akuter Unterernährung – moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Beide Störungsbilder wurden von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) statistisch als Abweichung vom normalen Verhältnis von Körpergewicht zu Körpergröße3 definiert. Die Unterernährung tritt in der Regel im Alter von drei Monaten bis zwei Jahren auf und hat beim Vorliegen der schweren Form (SAM) eine hohe Mortalität von 20–50% innerhalb von zwei Tagen. Daher wurde schon vor zwei Jahrzehnten eine standardisierte Behandlung (mit einer hochkalorischen Diät aus Erdnusspaste, Zucker, Pflanzenöl und mit Vitaminen und Mineralien angereicherter Milch) eingeführt, mit der sich die Sterblichkeit auf weniger als 10% verringern ließ, wie empirische Studien zeigten (1).
1 citations
01 Oct 2018
TL;DR: Bu yayinda, probiyotik maddeler polyester kumas uzerine duz baski teknigi kullanilarak basildi, asinma dayanimi ve yikama hasliklari temelinde degerlendirildi.
Abstract: Hastane kaynakli enfeksiyonlarda gorulen artis, nozokomiyal patojenlerle mucadelede ve bu patojenlerden kaynaklanan enfeksiyonlari tedavi etmekte probiyotikler de dahil olmak uzere yeni antimikrobiyallerin arastirilmasina yol acmistir. Bu yayinda, probiyotik maddeler polyester kumas uzerine duz baski teknigi kullanilarak basildi. Ardindan, baski islemi sonrasinda probiyotiklerin canliligi belirlendi. Uretilen kumaslarin kullanilabilirligi su gecirgenligi, asinma dayanimi ve yikama hasliklari temelinde degerlendirildi. Temel bulgular, probiyotik baskili kumaslarin elde edilmesinin mumkun oldugunu gostermistir.
Cites background from "Health benefits and health claims o..."
...Probiotics are defined as microorganisms generally bacteria that believe provide health benefit effects for human and animals [1, 2]....
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References
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TL;DR: The Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals are described, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species.
Abstract: To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, ~150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively
9,268 citations
"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper
...For the fifty-seven most common bacterial species identified by metagenome sequence analysis in the human gut, the inter-individual variability of abundance is between 12- and 2187-fold((16))....
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...However, a clearly distinct composition of gut microbiota, both compared with healthy individuals and between the two diseases, is found in inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease)((16))....
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TL;DR: It is reported here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus and that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease.
Abstract: Humans are colonized by multitudes of commensal organisms representing members of five of the six kingdoms of life; however, our gastrointestinal tract provides residence to both beneficial and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalances in the composition of the bacterial microbiota, known as dysbiosis, are postulated to be a major factor in human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. We report here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential. This beneficial activity requires a single microbial molecule (polysaccharide A, PSA). In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonization leads to disease and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in colonic tissues. Purified PSA administered to animals is required to suppress pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 production by intestinal immune cells and also inhibits in vitro reactions in cell cultures. Furthermore, PSA protects from inflammatory disease through a functional requirement for interleukin-10-producing CD4+ T cells. These results show that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease. Harnessing the immunomodulatory capacity of symbiosis factors such as PSA might potentially provide therapeutics for human inflammatory disorders on the basis of entirely novel biological principles.
2,097 citations
"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper
...In a series of landmark publications((7,19,20)), Dennis Kasper’s group has demonstrated that the capsular polysaccharide polysaccharide A of Bacteroides fragilis is indispensable for normal development of mucosal T lymphocytes and control of exper-...
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...Unfortunately, with a few exceptions((7,8)), the genes that determine or underlie the health benefit delivered by specific probiotic strains have not been identified to date....
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TL;DR: Evidence is provided for the fact that the ageing process deeply affects the structure of the human gut microbiota, as well as its homeostasis with the host's immune system, because of its crucial role in the host physiology and health status.
Abstract: Background: Age-related physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modifications in lifestyle, nutritional behaviour, and functionality of the host immune system, inevitably affect the gut microbiota, resulting in a greater susceptibility to infections. Methodology/Principal Findings: By using the Human Intestinal Tract Chip (HITChip) and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes of Bacteria and Archaea, we explored the age-related differences in the gut microbiota composition among young adults, elderly, and centenarians, i.e subjects who reached the extreme limits of the human lifespan, living for over 100 years. We observed that the microbial composition and diversity of the gut ecosystem of young adults and seventy-years old people is highly similar but differs significantly from that of the centenarians. After 100 years of symbiotic association with the human host, the microbiota is characterized by a rearrangement in the Firmicutes population and an enrichment in facultative anaerobes, notably pathobionts. The presence of such a compromised microbiota in the centenarians is associated with an increased inflammatory status, also known as inflammageing, as determined by a range of peripheral blood inflammatory markers. This may be explained by a remodelling of the centenarians’ microbiota, with a marked decrease in Faecalibacterium prauznitzii and relatives, symbiotic species with reported anti-inflammatory properties. As signature bacteria of the long life we identified specifically Eubacterium limosum and relatives that were more than ten-fold increased in the centenarians. Conclusions/Significance: We provide evidence for the fact that the ageing process deeply affects the structure of the human gut microbiota, as well as its homeostasis with the host’s immune system. Because of its crucial role in the host physiology and health status, age-related differences in the gut microbiota composition may be related to the progression of diseases and frailty in the elderly population.
1,180 citations
"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper
...Moreover, the intestinal microbiota also changes in time as was illustrated recently in a study, in which age groups up to 100 years were compared((17))....
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TL;DR: The nonclassic actions of vitamin D are cell specific and provide a number of potential new clinical applications for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogs, however, the use ofitamin D metabolites and analogs for these applications remains limited by the classic actions of Vitamin D leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria.
Abstract: Context: Vitamin D receptors are found in most tissues, not just those participating in the classic actions of vitamin D such as bone, gut, and kidney. These nonclassic tissues are therefore potential targets for the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D. Furthermore, many of these tissues also contain the enzyme CYP27B1 capable of producing 1,25(OH)2D from the circulating form of vitamin D. This review was intended to highlight the actions of 1,25(OH)2D in several of these tissues but starts with a review of vitamin D production, metabolism, and molecular mechanism. Evidence Acquisition: Medline was searched for articles describing actions of 1,25(OH)2D on parathyroid hormone and insulin secretion, immune responses, keratinocytes, and cancer. Evidence Synthesis: Vitamin D production in the skin provides an efficient source of vitamin D. Subsequent metabolism to 1,25(OH)2D within nonrenal tissues differs from that in the kidney. Although vitamin D receptor mediates the actions of 1,25(OH)2D, regulati...
882 citations
TL;DR: This Review highlights the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs with respect to host pattern recognition receptors of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Abstract: Interactions between host cell receptors and the surface molecules of bacteria are important determinants of the nature of the relationship between the two organisms. In this Review, Lebeer, Vanderleyden and De Keersmaecker examine the signalling interactions of probiotic bacterial cell surface molecules. How can probiotic bacteria transduce their health benefits to the host? Bacterial cell surface macromolecules are key factors in this beneficial microorganism–host crosstalk, as they can interact with host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In this Review, we highlight the documented signalling interactions of the surface molecules of probiotic bacteria (such as long surface appendages, polysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids) with PRRs. Research on host–probiotic interactions can benefit from well-documented host–microorganism studies that span the spectrum from pathogenicity to mutualism. Distinctions and parallels are therefore drawn with the interactions of similar molecules that are presented by gastrointestinal commensals and pathogens.
852 citations
"Health benefits and health claims o..." refers background in this paper
...For a number of strains, it has been demonstrated now that the probiotic bacteria can bind to receptors on cells of the immune system including dendritic cells((27))....
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