Health burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China.
TL;DR: Air quality modeling and cost-benefits analysis of emission reduction scenarios and corresponding health benefits in meeting the site-specific annual PM2.5 concentrations in China are expected to be 24.0%, 44.8%, 70.8, and 85.2% of the total current mortalities when the PWA PM3.5 meets the WHO IT-1,IT-2, IT-3, and AQG, respectively.
About: This article is published in Environmental Pollution.The article was published on 2017-04-01. It has received 411 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Population.
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TL;DR: Though the air quality has been improving recent years, PM2.5 pollution in wintertime is worsening, especially in the Northern China, and more scientific air quality index standards are needed.
482 citations
TL;DR: The epidemiological evidence for the cardiovascular effects of PM exposure is reviewed and current understanding about the biological mechanisms, by which PM exerts toxic effects on cardiovascular system to induce cardiovascular disease are discussed.
Abstract: Air pollution is a complex mixture of gaseous and particulate components, each of which has detrimental effects on human health. While the composition of air pollution varies greatly depending on the source, studies from across the world have consistently shown that air pollution is an important modifiable risk factor for significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Moreover, clinical studies have generally shown a greater impact of particulate matter (PM) air pollution on health than the gaseous components. PM has wide-ranging deleterious effects on human health, particularly on the cardiovascular system. Both acute and chronic exposure to PM air pollution is associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases including ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and ischemic/thrombotic stroke. Particulate matter has also been shown to be an important endocrine disrupter, contributing to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, which themselves are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. While the epidemiological evidence for the deleterious effects of PM air pollution on health is increasingly accepted, newer studies are shedding light on the mechanisms by which PM exerts its toxic effects. A greater understanding of how PM exerts toxic effects on human health is required in order to prevent and minimize the deleterious health effects of this ubiquitous environmental hazard. Air pollution is a growing public health problem and mortality due to air pollution is expected to double by 2050. Here, we review the epidemiological evidence for the cardiovascular effects of PM exposure and discuss current understanding about the biological mechanisms, by which PM exerts toxic effects on cardiovascular system to induce cardiovascular disease.
325 citations
TL;DR: Satellite observations are used to show that China and India are on opposite trajectories for sulfurous pollution, suggesting effective SO2 control in China and lack thereof in India.
Abstract: Severe haze is a major public health concern in China and India. Both countries rely heavily on coal for energy, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emitted from coal-fired power plants and industry is a major pollutant contributing to their air quality problems. Timely, accurate information on SO2 sources is a required input to air quality models for pollution prediction and mitigation. However, such information has been difficult to obtain for these two countries, as fast-paced changes in economy and environmental regulations have often led to unforeseen emission changes. Here we use satellite observations to show that China and India are on opposite trajectories for sulfurous pollution. Since 2007, emissions in China have declined by 75% while those in India have increased by 50%. With these changes, India is now surpassing China as the world’s largest emitter of anthropogenic SO2. This finding, not predicted by emission scenarios, suggests effective SO2 control in China and lack thereof in India. Despite this, haze remains severe in China, indicating the importance of reducing emissions of other pollutants. In India, ~33 million people now live in areas with substantial SO2 pollution. Continued growth in emissions will adversely affect more people and further exacerbate morbidity and mortality.
282 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the air quality and health benefits associated with this stringent policy during 2013-2015 by using surface PM2.5 concentrations estimated from a three-stage data fusion model and cause-specific integrated exposure-response functions.
Abstract: Aggressive emission control measures were taken by the Chinese government after the promulgation of the 'Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan' in 2013. Here we evaluated the air quality and health benefits associated with this stringent policy during 2013–2015 by using surface PM2.5 concentrations estimated from a three-stage data fusion model and cause-specific integrated exposure–response functions. The population-weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 21.5% over China during 2013–2015, reducing from 60.5 in 2013 to 47.5 μg m−3 in 2015. Subsequently, the national PM2.5-attributable mortality decreased from 1.22 million (95% CI: 1.05, 1.37) in 2013 to 1.10 million (95% CI: 0.95, 1.25) in 2015, which is a 9.1% reduction. The limited health benefits compared to air quality improvements are mainly due to the supralinear responses of mortality to PM2.5 over the high concentration end of the concentration–response functions. Our study affirms the effectiveness of China's recent air quality policy; however, due to the nonlinear responses of mortality to PM2.5 variations, current policies should remain in place and more stringent measures should be implemented to protect public health.
206 citations
Cites methods from "Health burden attributable to ambie..."
...By using surface observations, Song et al [12] estimated the health burden attributable to PM2....
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01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: Cancer has become a major life-threatening disease in China and disease burdens have decreased, while disease burdens for colorectal cancer, female breast cancer, cervix cancer and thyroid cancer have increased over the last 15 years.
Abstract: Background National Cancer Center (NCC) updated nationwide cancer statistics using population-based cancer registry data in 2015. Methods 501 cancer registries submitted data, among which 368 registries with high quality data were included in analysis. Numbers of nationwide new cancer cases and deaths were estimated using incidence and mortality rates and corresponding national population stratified by area, sex, age group and cancer site. The world Segi's population was applied for the calculation of age-standardized rates. Results About 3,929,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed. The crude incidence rate was 285.83/100,000 and the age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASIRW) was 186.39/100,000. ASIRW was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. South China had the highest ASIRW while Southwest China had the lowest ASIRW. Age-specific incidence rate was higher in males for population younger than 20 years or over 49 years. From 2000 to 2015, the ASIRWs for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer decreased significantly. The ASIRWs for colorectal cancer in whole population and for lung cancer, breast cancer, cervix cancer, uterus cancer and thyroid cancer in females increased significantly. 2,338,000 cancer deaths were reported. The crude mortality rate was 170.05/100,000 and the age standardized mortality rate by world standard population (ASMRW) was 105.84/100,000. ASMRW was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Central China had the highest ASMRW while North China had the lowest ASMRW. Age-specific mortality rates in males were higher than that in females in every age group. From 2000 to 2015, the ASMRWs for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer and lung cancer decreased significantly. The ASMRWs for colorectal cancer, pancreas cancer and prostate cancer in males and for breast cancer, cervix cancer and thyroid cancer in females increased significantly. Conclusions Cancer has become a major life-threatening disease in China. Disease burdens differed across areas. Disease burdens for esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer have decreased, while disease burdens for colorectal cancer, female breast cancer, cervix cancer and thyroid cancer have increased over the last 15 years. National and regional initiative for cancer prevention and control should be prioritized.
203 citations
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TL;DR: It is suggested that fine-particulate air pollution, or a more complex pollution mixture associated with fine particulate matter, contributes to excess mortality in certain U.S. cities.
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TL;DR: In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) as discussed by the authors, the authors used the GBD 2010 methods with some refinements to improve accuracy applied to an updated database of vital registration, survey, and census data.
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TL;DR: The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015, finding several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS.
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