Health monitoring of civil infrastructures using wireless sensor networks
25 Apr 2007-Vol. 6, pp 254-263
TL;DR: A Wireless Sensor Network for Structural Health Monitoring is designed, implemented, deployed and tested on the 4200 ft long main span and the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge and the collected data agrees with theoretical models and previous studies of the bridge.
Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is designed, implemented, deployed and tested on the 4200 ft long main span and the south tower of the Golden Gate Bridge (GGB). Ambient structural vibrations are reliably measured at a low cost and without interfering with the operation of the bridge. Requirements that SHM imposes on WSN are identified and new solutions to meet these requirements are proposed and implemented. In the GGB deployment, 64 nodes are distributed over the main span and the tower, collecting ambient vibrations synchronously at 1 kHz rate, with less than 10 mus jitter, and with an accuracy of 30 muG. The sampled data is collected reliably over a 46-hop network, with a bandwidth of 441 B/s at the 46th hop. The collected data agrees with theoretical models and previous studies of the bridge. The deployment is the largest WSN for SHM.
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TL;DR: The background and state-of-the-art of big data are reviewed, including enterprise management, Internet of Things, online social networks, medial applications, collective intelligence, and smart grid, as well as related technologies.
Abstract: In this paper, we review the background and state-of-the-art of big data. We first introduce the general background of big data and review related technologies, such as could computing, Internet of Things, data centers, and Hadoop. We then focus on the four phases of the value chain of big data, i.e., data generation, data acquisition, data storage, and data analysis. For each phase, we introduce the general background, discuss the technical challenges, and review the latest advances. We finally examine the several representative applications of big data, including enterprise management, Internet of Things, online social networks, medial applications, collective intelligence, and smart grid. These discussions aim to provide a comprehensive overview and big-picture to readers of this exciting area. This survey is concluded with a discussion of open problems and future directions.
2,303 citations
Additional excerpts
...itoring [41], civil engineering [42, 43], and wildlife...
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TL;DR: This paper presents a systematic framework to decompose big data systems into four sequential modules, namely data generation, data acquisition, data storage, and data analytics, and presents the prevalent Hadoop framework for addressing big data challenges.
Abstract: Recent technological advancements have led to a deluge of data from distinctive domains (e.g., health care and scientific sensors, user-generated data, Internet and financial companies, and supply chain systems) over the past two decades. The term big data was coined to capture the meaning of this emerging trend. In addition to its sheer volume, big data also exhibits other unique characteristics as compared with traditional data. For instance, big data is commonly unstructured and require more real-time analysis. This development calls for new system architectures for data acquisition, transmission, storage, and large-scale data processing mechanisms. In this paper, we present a literature survey and system tutorial for big data analytics platforms, aiming to provide an overall picture for nonexpert readers and instill a do-it-yourself spirit for advanced audiences to customize their own big-data solutions. First, we present the definition of big data and discuss big data challenges. Next, we present a systematic framework to decompose big data systems into four sequential modules, namely data generation, data acquisition, data storage, and data analytics. These four modules form a big data value chain. Following that, we present a detailed survey of numerous approaches and mechanisms from research and industry communities. In addition, we present the prevalent Hadoop framework for addressing big data challenges. Finally, we outline several evaluation benchmarks and potential research directions for big data systems.
1,002 citations
Cites background from "Health monitoring of civil infrastr..."
...Recently, WSNs have been widely discussed and applied in many applications, such as in environment research [60], [61], water monitoring [62], civil engineering [63], [64], and wildlife habitat monitoring [65]....
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TL;DR: A top-down survey of the trade-offs between application requirements and lifetime extension that arise when designing wireless sensor networks is presented and a new classification of energy-conservation schemes found in the recent literature is presented.
785 citations
Additional excerpts
...Relevant examples of passive supervision applications are surveillance and target tracking [29], emergency navigation [30], fire detection in a building, structural health monitoring [31,32] and natural disaster prevention such as in the case of tsunamis, eruptions or flooding [33]....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive study of wireless sensor networks' deployment in urban areas and discusses the merits and demerits of WSN architectures in urban environments.
594 citations
Additional excerpts
...…Lea and Blackstock (2014) et al. (2012), Ma et al. (2008), Felstead et al. (2007) a et al. (2011), Nagayama et al. (2006), Garcia-Diego et al. (2010), Kim et al. (2007), (2010) 2012), Boustani et al. (2011) 07), Whittle et al. (2013), Almazyad et al. (2014) eler (2007), McKelvin et al. (2005) t al....
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TL;DR: An overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities is presented, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role inSmart cities.
Abstract: In a world where resources are scarce and urban areas consume the vast majority of these resources, it is vital to make cities greener and more sustainable. Advanced systems to improve and automate processes within a city will play a leading role in smart cities. From smart design of buildings, which capture rain water for later use, to intelligent control systems, which can monitor infrastructures autonomously, the possible improvements enabled by sensing technologies are immense. Ubiquitous sensing poses numerous challenges, which are of a technological or social nature. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art with regards to sensing in smart cities. Topics include sensing applications in smart cities, sensing platforms and technical challenges associated with these technologies. In an effort to provide a holistic view of how sensing technologies play a role in smart cities, a range of applications and technical challenges associated with these applications are discussed. As some of these applications and technologies belong to different disciplines, the material presented in this paper attempts to bridge these to provide a broad overview, which can be of help to researchers and developers in understanding how advanced sensing can play a role in smart cities.
497 citations
Cites methods from "Health monitoring of civil infrastr..."
...Other approaches to sensing for SHM use WSNs with sensor nodes equipped with multiple accelerometers to sense vibration along a 1,300 m long bridge [67]....
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References
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12 Nov 2000
TL;DR: Key requirements are identified, a small device is developed that is representative of the class, a tiny event-driven operating system is designed, and it is shown that it provides support for efficient modularity and concurrency-intensive operation.
Abstract: Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The missing elements are an overall system architecture and a methodology for systematic advance. To this end, we identify key requirements, develop a small device that is representative of the class, design a tiny event-driven operating system, and show that it provides support for efficient modularity and concurrency-intensive operation. Our operating system fits in 178 bytes of memory, propagates events in the time it takes to copy 1.25 bytes of memory, context switches in the time it takes to copy 6 bytes of memory and supports two level scheduling. The analysis lays a groundwork for future architectural advances.
3,648 citations
"Health monitoring of civil infrastr..." refers methods in this paper
...In TinyOS, packet space is provided by the application layer, so even when a component rarely sends a packet, it still has to reserve packet space....
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...The need and usage of packet buffers in TinyOS is shown in Figure 14....
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...Overall Software Architecture infrastructure, TinyOS [8] is used....
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...The software architecture of the GGB nodes uses new components integrated into the TinyOS [13] infrastructure to satisfy the six requirements discussed above....
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...The timer component of TinyOS can only trigger at 200Hz....
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03 Nov 2004
TL;DR: The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.
Abstract: Wireless sensor network applications, similarly to other distributed systems, often require a scalable time synchronization service enabling data consistency and coordination. This paper describes the Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP), especially tailored for applications requiring stringent precision on resource limited wireless platforms. The proposed time synchronization protocol uses low communication bandwidth and it is robust against node and link failures. The FTSP achieves its robustness by utilizing periodic flooding of synchronization messages, and implicit dynamic topology update. The unique high precision performance is reached by utilizing MAC-layer time-stamping and comprehensive error compensation including clock skew estimation. The sources of delays and uncertainties in message transmission are analyzed in detail and techniques are presented to mitigate their effects. The FTSP was implemented on the Berkeley Mica2 platform and evaluated in a 60-node, multi-hop setup. The average per-hop synchronization error was in the one microsecond range, which is markedly better than that of the existing RBS and TPSN algorithms.
2,267 citations
"Health monitoring of civil infrastr..." refers background or methods in this paper
...For time synchronization, FTSP [14] is used....
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...In this paper, existing work: FTSP [14], MintRoute [20], and Drip [18] respectively have solved time synchronized sampling, large-scale multi-hop network, and reliable data dissemination respectively....
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...A study of the time synchronization component FTSP showed that it caps the jitter at 67μs error over 59-node 11-hop network [14], so spatial jitter in this case is well within the tolerance range....
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05 Nov 2003
TL;DR: This work study and evaluate link estimator, neighborhood table management, and reliable routing protocol techniques, and narrow the design space through evaluations on large-scale, high-level simulations to 50-node, in-depth empirical experiments.
Abstract: The dynamic and lossy nature of wireless communication poses major challenges to reliable, self-organizing multihop networks. These non-ideal characteristics are more problematic with the primitive, low-power radio transceivers found in sensor networks, and raise new issues that routing protocols must address. Link connectivity statistics should be captured dynamically through an efficient yet adaptive link estimator and routing decisions should exploit such connectivity statistics to achieve reliability. Link status and routing information must be maintained in a neighborhood table with constant space regardless of cell density. We study and evaluate link estimator, neighborhood table management, and reliable routing protocol techniques. We focus on a many-to-one, periodic data collection workload. We narrow the design space through evaluations on large-scale, high-level simulations to 50-node, in-depth empirical experiments. The most effective solution uses a simple time averaged EWMA estimator, frequency based table management, and cost-based routing.
1,735 citations
"Health monitoring of civil infrastr..." refers background or methods in this paper
...One more dif.culty confronted was that heavy traf.c of Straw prevented MintRoute from estimating link quality correctly....
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...MintRoute [20] is used for information reply....
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...One existing solution to the collection network is MintRoute [26]....
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...Straw works on a multi-hop routing layer like MintRoute [20]....
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...In this paper, existing work: FTSP [14], MintRoute [20], and Drip [18] respectively have solved time synchronized sampling, large-scale multi-hop network, and reliable data dissemination respectively....
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03 Nov 2004
TL;DR: Wisden incorporates two novel mechanisms, reliable data transport using a hybrid of end-to-end and hop-by-hop recovery, and low-overhead data time-stamping that does not require global clock synchronization.
Abstract: Structural monitoring---the collection and analysis of structural response to ambient or forced excitation--is an important application of networked embedded sensing with significant commercial potential. The first generation of sensor networks for structural monitoring are likely to be data acquisition systems that collect data at a single node for centralized processing. In this paper, we discuss the design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network system (called Wisden for structural data acquisition. Wisden incorporates two novel mechanisms, reliable data transport using a hybrid of end-to-end and hop-by-hop recovery, and low-overhead data time-stamping that does not require global clock synchronization. We also study the applicability of wavelet-based compression techniques to overcome the bandwidth limitations imposed by low-power wireless radios. We describe our implementation of these mechanisms on the Mica-2 motes and evaluate the performance of our implementation. We also report experiences from deploying Wisden on a large structure.
1,195 citations
"Health monitoring of civil infrastr..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Wisden [27] and 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200...
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...These factors represent two major sources of system change: alarm warnings [27] (e....
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...An accurate data acquisition system, high-frequency sampling with low jitter and time synchronized sampling were not provided by previous work like Wisden [27] and Tenet [12], but are crucial for data to be useful for structural health monitoring, and are provided in this work....
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03 Nov 2004
TL;DR: An analysis of data from a second generation sensor networks deployed during the summer and autumn of 2003 sheds light on a number of design issues from network deployment, through selection of power sources to optimizations of routing decisions.
Abstract: Habitat and environmental monitoring is a driving application for wireless sensor networks. We present an analysis of data from a second generation sensor networks deployed during the summer and autumn of 2003. During a 4 month deployment, these networks, consisting of 150 devices, produced unique datasets for both systems and biological analysis. This paper focuses on nodal and network performance, with an emphasis on lifetime, reliability, and the the static and dynamic aspects of single and multi-hop networks. We compare the results collected to expectations set during the design phase: we were able to accurately predict lifetime of the single-hop network, but we underestimated the impact of multi-hop traffic overhearing and the nuances of power source selection. While initial packet loss data was commensurate with lab experiments, over the duration of the deployment, reliability of the backend infrastructure and the transit network had a dominant impact on overall network performance. Finally, we evaluate the physical design of the sensor node based on deployment experience and a post mortem analysis. The results shed light on a number of design issues from network deployment, through selection of power sources to optimizations of routing decisions.
1,056 citations
"Health monitoring of civil infrastr..." refers background in this paper
...The first category is environmental monitoring; networks deployed in Great Duck Island [22] and a Redwood forest [24] are examples of this class....
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