Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires (NIST SP 971) | NIST

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Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires (NIST SP 971) | NIST

Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires (NIST SP 971) | NIST

Anthony P. Hamins, S. J. Fischer, Takashi Kashiwagi

01 Aug 2001-Vol. 97

TL;DR: In this paper, the radial variation of the local radiative and local net heat flux incident on the surface of 0.30 m diameter pool fires were measured using a water-cooled, nitrogen purged, narrow view-angle gauge.

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Abstract: Abstract A series of measurements designed to investigate the heat feedback in pool fires burning liquid fuels are reported. Such measurements are essential for the development and validation of detailed models which predict the burning rate of liquid hydrocarbons and solid polymers. The radial variation of the local radiative and local net heat flux incident on the surface of 0.30 m diameter pool fires were measured. A water-cooled, nitrogen purged, narrow view-angle gauge was developed to measure the radiative flux incident on the fuel surface. Measurements of the mass burning rate in a burner composed of annular rings was used to estimate the local heat feedback. A number of different fuels were studied, yielding flames with a wide range of heat release rates and luminosities. Consideration of the heat balance for a control volume enclosing the liquid PPOI indicated that radiation was an important component of the heat feedback for non-luminous fires and a dominant component in luminous fires.

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Dissertation•

Numerical modeling of the coupled feedback between pool fires and their environment

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Jonathan Wahlqvist

01 Jan 2018

TL;DR: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was chosen as a modeling framework which could be expanded upon if needed to be able to perform predictions of the presented problems; predicting fire growth related to building characteristics and predicting performance of measures against smoke spread in ventilation systems.

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Abstract: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is often used within performance based fire safety engineering and its use has increased as available computational power has increased. However, there is still a need to improve CFD modeling to push it beyond its current usage limitations. Of course such steps must be accompanied by quality assurance by means of validation and verification. In this thesis three key problems were identified within performance based design; prediction of the mass loss rate that interact with the environment dynamically, understanding of fires in enclosures equipped with mechanical ventilation as well as taking the built environment, such as building materials, building geometry and various technical installations, into account when designing a fire scenario. In the presented work Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was chosen as a modeling framework which could be expanded upon if needed to be able to perform predictions of the presented problems. A validation of FDS was done against experimental data obtained using the novel, non-intrusive technique ps-LIDAR. The built in HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) model in FDS was validated against a series of full-scale fires using mechanical ventilation. A new pool fire sub-model, which takes reduction in oxygen concentration and external radiative heat flux into account when predicating the mass loss rate, was formulated, implemented in FDS and then verified and validated. The verified and validated models and sub-models were applied on two engineering problems; predicting fire growth related to building characteristics and predicting performance of measures against smoke spread in ventilation systems. (Less)

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5 citations

Cites background or methods from "Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface i..."

...A general pool fire heat balance was presented by Hamins et al. (1994) in which all general heat fluxes are represented (recreated in Figure 3)....
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...This work was further developed by Hamins et al. (1994, 1999) who formulated a global model to predict the mass burning flux for pool fires....
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...This work was further developed by Hamins et al. (1994, 1999) who formulated a global model to predict the mass burning flux for pool fires. Total radiation to the pool surface was given according to Siegel and Howell (1981), and the convective heat transfer was determined using the stagnant film layer model (Orloff & de Ris, 1982)....
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Report•DOI•

Velocity and Temperature Structure of Medium-Scale Pool Fires

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Kunhyuk Sung, Ryan Falkenstein-Smith, Anthony Hamins

22 Jun 2021

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a Table of Contents (table of contents) and a List of TABLES (list of figures) for a table of FIGURES.

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Abstract: .................................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... vii

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4 citations

Dissertation•DOI•

Auswirkungen von Hindernissen auf Oberflächenexplosionen

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Martin Hofmann

29 Jun 2001

TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a solution to solve the problem of the problem.Seite 2.1.2.0.0-1/3/1/2

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Abstract: Seite 2

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3 citations

Cites background from "Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface i..."

...Ein Ziel der Arbeit lag in der Klassifizierung des gesamten Verbrennungsvorgangs in heterogenen Systemen bestehend aus einem ruhenden, flüssigen Brennstoff – in dieser Arbeit Toluol – und reinem Sauerstoff als gasförmigem Oxidationsmittel unter erhöhtem Druck....
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...Die Menge der nachdosierten Flüssigkeit ist ein Maß für die umgesetzte Menge an Brennstoff [35]....
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...er Wärmestrahlung gegenüber dem ering ist [35]....
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...Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Vorgänge in einem heterogenen System, bestehend aus Toluol und Sauerstoff, systematisch untersucht....
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...Anhang A ...............................................................................................................................108 Literaturverzeichnis...............................................................................................................109 Abbildungsverzeichnis...........................................................................................................114 Tabellenverzeichnis ...............................................................................................................119 Symbolverzeichnis A - Fläche T - Temperatur a - Temperaturleitfähigkeit t - Zeit cp - Wärmekapazität V - Volumen d - Durchmesser •M - Massenstrom dp/dt - zeitlicher Druckanstieg •N - Stoffmengenstrom F - Sichtfaktor • Q - Wärmestrom Gr - Grashof-Zahl • q - Wärmestromdichte h - Höhe KG - Stoffkonstante des kubischen Gesetzes α - Wärmeübergangskoeffizient l - Länge β - thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient m - Masse ∆hv - Verdampfungsenthalpie N - Stoffmenge ∆T - Temperaturdifferenz Nu - Nusselt-Zahl η - dynamische Viskosität P - Leistung λ - Wärmeleitfähigkeit p - Druck ν - kinematische Viskosität Pr - Prandlt-Zahl ρ - Dichte r - Radius σ - Stefan-Boltzmann-Konstante Indexverzeichnis a - Anfangswert AS - Abstrahlung C7H8 - Toluol F - Bestrahlte Fläche fK - freie Konvektion G - Gasexplosion K - Konvektion k - Kugel L - Luft Loss - Verluste m - mittlerer Wert max - Maximalwert Refl - Reflektion UEG - untere Explosionsgrenze WÜ - Wärmeübergang WS - Wärmestrahlung Z - Zündquelle Abkürzungsverzeichnis TMDS - Tetramethyl-dihydrogen-disiloxan ca. - circa...
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Melting of Ice and Formation of Lateral Cavity during In Situ Burning in Ice-Infested Waters

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Hamed Farmahini Farahani

12 Feb 2018

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an acknowledgment of the authorship of the paper's authors, and acknowledgments of the author's work............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments

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Abstract: ............................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vi

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2 citations

Cites background from "Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface i..."

...luminosity, and spatial distribution of soot and temperature in the fire [110]....
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...012 for Heptane, Methyl Alcohol, Methyl Methacrylate, and Toluene, respectively [110]....
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...[110], there should be a constant decrease of local heat feedback outward from the...
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Luminous heights of turbulent diffusion flames

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Gunnar Heskestad

01 Jan 1983-Fire Safety Journal

TL;DR: A general analytical relation for predicting mean luminous heights of buoyancy-controlled, turbulent diffusion flames is established in this article, based on a plot of experimental flame heights in correlation coordinates.

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Edward E. Zukoski¹, Baki M. Cetegen¹, Toshi Kubota¹•Institutions (1)

California Institute of Technology¹

01 Jan 1985

TL;DR: In this article, the dependence of flame height on a dimensionless heat addition parameter shows a transition for values of the parameter around unity, indicating that the initial diameter of the fire does not affect the length of the flame whereas for short flames, initial geometry becomes important.

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Abstract: Natural gas diffusion flames stabilized on 0.10, 0.19 and 0.50 m. diameter porous bed burners have been studied for heat release rates ranging from 10 to 200 kW. Flame heights were measured from video tape recordings and by eye averaged techniques. The dependence of flame height on a dimensionless heat addition parameter shows a transition for values of the parameter around unity. For flames taller than three burner diameters, the initial diameter of the fire does not affect the length of the flame whereas for short flames, initial geometry becomes important. Another prominent feature of these flames is the presence of large scale axisymmetric structures which are formed close to the burner surface with more or less regular frequency and which rise through the flame region. These structures are responsible for the fluctuations of the flame top and strongly influence the geometry of the flame.

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294 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review of physics and correlations of pool fire behaviour in wind and future challenges

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Longhua Hu¹•Institutions (1)

University of Science and Technology of China¹

01 Jul 2017-Fire Safety Journal

TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the physics and correlations for the burning behavior of pool fires in wind, and discussed also challenges for future research on this topic, especially for wind-blown large scale pool fires.

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182 citations

Book•

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Robert W. Gallant, Carl L. Yaws

03 May 1993

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a hierarchy of C1 to C4, C2 to C 4 monoolefins, C4 to C 8 alkanes, C5 to C8 alkenes, C6 to C 5 branched hydrocarbons.

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Abstract: C1 to C4 C2 to C4 monoolefins C2 to C4 alkynes C2 to C4 diolefins chlorinated methanes chlorinated ethylenes chlorinated aliphatics primary alcohols C3 to C4 alcohols miscellaneous alcohols C2 to C4 oxides ethylene glycols propylene glycols and glycerine C5 to C8 alkanes C5 to C8 alkenes C4 to C5 branched hydrocarbons C6 to C8 branched hydrocarbons chlorinated C2 compounds halogenated methanes halogenated hydrocarbons fluorinated hydrocarbons brominated hydrocarbons.

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177 citations