Heat stress effects and management in wheat. A review
TL;DR: A detailed overview of morpho-physiological responses of wheat to heat stress may help formulating appropriate strategies for heat-stressed wheat yield improvement, as well as searching for possible management strategies to increase productivity and sustainability of growing wheat.
Abstract: Increasing temperature and consequent changes in climate adversely affect plant growth and development, resulting in catastrophic loss of wheat productivity. For each degree rise in temperature, wheat production is estimated to reduce by 6%. A detailed overview of morpho-physiological responses of wheat to heat stress may help formulating appropriate strategies for heat-stressed wheat yield improvement. Additionally, searching for possible management strategies may increase productivity and sustainability of growing wheat. The major findings from this review are as follows: (1) heat stress significantly reduces seed germination and seedling growth, cell turgidity, and plant water-use efficiency; (2) at a cellular level, heat stress disturbs cellular functions through generating excessive reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress; (3) the major responses of wheat to heat stress include the enhancement of leaf senescence, reduction of photosynthesis, deactivation of photosynthetic enzymes, and generation of oxidative damages to the chloroplasts; (4) heat stress also reduces grain number and size by affecting grain setting, assimilate translocation and duration and growth rate of grains; (5) effective approaches for managing heat stress in wheat include screening available germplasm under field trials and/or employing marker-assisted selection, application of exogenous protectants to seeds or plants, mapping quantitative trait locus conferring heat resistance and breeding; (6) a well-integrated genetic and agronomic management option may enhance wheat tolerance to heat. However, the success of applying various techniques of heat stress management requires greater understanding of heat tolerance features, molecular cloning, and characterization of genes. The overall success of the complex plant heat stress management depends on the concerted efforts of crop modelers, molecular biologists, and plant physiologists.
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TL;DR: This review article will focus on events through extensive and transient metabolic reprogramming in response to heat stress, which included chlorophyll breakdown, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense, protein turnover, and metabolic alterations with carbon assimilation.
Abstract: Increases in ambient temperatures have been a severe threat to crop production in many countries around the world under climate change. Chloroplasts serve as metabolic centers and play a key role in physiological adaptive processes to heat stress. In addition to expressing heat shock proteins that protect proteins from heat-induced damage, metabolic reprogramming occurs during adaptive physiological processes in chloroplasts. Heat stress leads to inhibition of plant photosynthetic activity by damaging key components functioning in a variety of metabolic processes, with concomitant reductions in biomass production and crop yield. In this review article, we will focus on events through extensive and transient metabolic reprogramming in response to heat stress, which included chlorophyll breakdown, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense, protein turnover, and metabolic alterations with carbon assimilation. Such diverse metabolic reprogramming in chloroplasts is required for systemic acquired acclimation to heat stress in plants.
163 citations
Cites background from "Heat stress effects and management ..."
...With respect to crop yield, heat stress also reduces grain number and size by affecting grain setting, assimilate translocation and duration and growth rate of grains [57]....
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...) [54], sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) [55], wheat (Triticum aestivum) [56,57] and...
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TL;DR: In this article, a large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat.
Abstract: As global land surface temperature continues to rise and heatwave events increase in frequency, duration, and/or intensity, our key food and fuel cropping systems will likely face increased heat-related stress. A large volume of literature exists on exploring measured and modelled impacts of rising temperature on crop photosynthesis, from enzymatic responses within the leaf up to larger ecosystem-scale responses that reflect seasonal and interannual crop responses to heat. This review discusses (i) how crop photosynthesis changes with temperature at the enzymatic scale within the leaf; (ii) how stomata and plant transport systems are affected by temperature; (iii) what features make a plant susceptible or tolerant to elevated temperature and heat stress; and (iv) how these temperature and heat effects compound at the ecosystem scale to affect crop yields. Throughout the review, we identify current advancements and future research trajectories that are needed to make our cropping systems more resilient to rising temperature and heat stress, which are both projected to occur due to current global fossil fuel emissions.
114 citations
TL;DR: The present study demonstrated the possible impacts of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe NPs) on the alleviation of toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) in wheat and showed that the application of Fe NPs mitigated the Cd toxicity on wheat growth and yield parameters.
94 citations
10 Jan 2020
TL;DR: The current review aims to analyze, from a multi-perspective approach, the impact of changing environmental conditions on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and, consequently, plant growth.
Abstract: Increased periods of water shortage and higher temperatures, together with a reduction in nutrient availability, have been proposed as major factors that negatively impact plant development. Photosynthetic CO2 assimilation is the basis of crop production for animal and human food, and for this reason, it has been selected as a primary target for crop phenotyping/breeding studies. Within this context, knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the response and acclimation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation to multiple changing environmental conditions (including nutrients, water availability, and rising temperature) is a matter of great concern for the understanding of plant behavior under stress conditions, and for the development of new strategies and tools for enhancing plant growth in the future. The current review aims to analyze, from a multi-perspective approach (ranging across breeding, gas exchange, genomics, etc.) the impact of changing environmental conditions on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus and, consequently, plant growth.
82 citations
Cites background from "Heat stress effects and management ..."
...For each degree rise in temperature, wheat production is estimated to reduce by 6% [11]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied a deep neural network tomultivariate time series of vegetation and meteorological data to estimate the wheat yield in the IndianWheat Belt and visualized and analyzed the features and yield drivers learned by themodel with the use of regression activationmaps.
Abstract: Forecasting crop yields is becoming increasingly important under the current context inwhich food security needs to be ensured despite the challenges brought by climate change, an expandingworld population accompanied by rising incomes, increasing soil erosion, and decreasingwater resources. Temperature, radiation, water availability and other environmental conditions influence crop growth, development, andfinal grain yield in a complex nonlinearmanner.Machine learning (ML) techniques, and deep learning (DL)methods in particular, can account for such nonlinear relations between yield and its covariates. However, they typically lack transparency and interpretability, since theway the predictions are derived is not directly evident. Yet, in the context of yield forecasting, understandingwhich are the underlying factors behind both a predicted loss or gain is of great relevance. Here, we explore how to benefit from the increased predictive performance ofDLmethods whilemaintaining the ability to interpret how themodels achieve their results. To do so, we applied a deep neural network tomultivariate time series of vegetation andmeteorological data to estimate the wheat yield in the IndianWheat Belt. Then, we visualized and analyzed the features and yield drivers learned by themodel with the use of regression activationmaps. TheDLmodel outperformed other testedmodels (ridge regression and random forest) and facilitated the interpretation of variables and processes that lead to yield variability. The learned features weremostly related to the length of the growing season, and temperature and light conditions during this time. For example, our results showed that high yields in 2012were associatedwith low temperatures accompanied by sunny conditions during the growing period. The proposedmethodology can be used for other crops and regions in order to facilitate application ofDLmodels in agriculture.
79 citations
References
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Book Chapter•
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) as mentioned in this paper identifies strategies that could help resolve the multiple challenges simultaneously and bring multiple benefits, including sustainable economic and social development, poverty eradication, adequate food production and food security, health for all, climate protection, conservation of ecosystems, and security.
Abstract: Energy is essential for human development and energy systems are a crucial entry point for addressing the most
pressing global challenges of the 21st century, including sustainable economic and social development, poverty
eradication, adequate food production and food security, health for all, climate protection, conservation of ecosystems,
peace and security. Yet, more than a decade into the 21st century, current energy systems do not meet these challenges.
A major transformation is therefore required to address these challenges and to avoid potentially catastrophic future
consequences for human and planetary systems. The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) demonstrates that energy
system change is the key for addressing and resolving these challenges. The GEA identifies strategies that could help
resolve the multiple challenges simultaneously and bring multiple benefits. Their successful implementation requires
determined, sustained and immediate action.
13,413 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing ‘yield gaps’ on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste, which could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
Abstract: Increasing population and consumption are placing unprecedented demands on agriculture and natural resources. Today, approximately a billion people are chronically malnourished while our agricultural systems are concurrently degrading land, water, biodiversity and climate on a global scale. To meet the world's future food security and sustainability needs, food production must grow substantially while, at the same time, agriculture's environmental footprint must shrink dramatically. Here we analyse solutions to this dilemma, showing that tremendous progress could be made by halting agricultural expansion, closing 'yield gaps' on underperforming lands, increasing cropping efficiency, shifting diets and reducing waste. Together, these strategies could double food production while greatly reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
5,954 citations
"Heat stress effects and management ..." refers background in this paper
...Foley et al. (2011) suggested several management options including conservation tillage, adopting yield gap strategies, increasing cropping efficiencies that could be greatly effective to minimize environmental impacts and for sustainable crop production....
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TL;DR: The generation, sites of production and role of ROS as messenger molecules as well as inducers of oxidative damage are described and the antioxidative defense mechanisms operating in the cells for scavenging of ROS overproduced under various stressful conditions of the environment are described.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a normal product of plant cellular metabolism. Various environmental stresses lead to excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity, they are well-described second messengers in a variety of cellular processes, including conferment of tolerance to various environmental stresses. Whether ROS would serve as signaling molecules or could cause oxidative damage to the tissues depends on the delicate equilibrium between ROS production, and their scavenging. Efficient scavenging of ROS produced during various environmental stresses requires the action of several nonenzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants present in the tissues. In this paper, we describe the generation, sites of production and role of ROS as messenger molecules as well as inducers of oxidative damage. Further, the antioxidative defense mechanisms operating in the cells for scavenging of ROS overproduced under various stressful conditions of the environment have been discussed in detail.
4,012 citations
"Heat stress effects and management ..." refers background in this paper
...…exogenously applied several growthpromoting protectants such as osmoprotectants, phytohormones, signaling molecules and trace elements have resulted in the potential to protect the plants by neutralizing the harmful and adverse effects of heat stress (Sharma et al. 2012; Upreti and Sharma 2016)....
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TL;DR: The effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants, and the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis are reviewed.
Abstract: Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Here, we have reviewed the effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants. This article also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis. Various management strategies have been proposed to cope with drought stress. Drought stress reduces leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole-organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly by stomatal closure, membrane damage and disturbed activity of various enzymes, especially those of CO2 fixation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. Injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress. The major mechanisms include curtailed water loss by increased diffusive resistance, enhanced water uptake with prolific and deep root systems and its efficient use, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, and polyols, are crucial to sustain cellular functions under drought. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, auxins, gibberrellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid modulate the plant responses towards drought. Polyamines, citrulline and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit. At molecular levels several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been identified, such as the dehydration-responsive element-binding gene, aquaporin, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. Plant drought tolerance can be managed by adopting strategies such as mass screening and breeding, marker-assisted selection and exogenous application of hormones and osmoprotectants to seed or growing plants, as well as engineering for drought resistance.
3,488 citations
"Heat stress effects and management ..." refers background in this paper
...With a concomitant increase in leaf temperature, wheat plants exposed to heat stress substantially decrease the water potential and the relative water content in leaves, and eventually reduce photosynthetic productivity (Farooq et al. 2009)....
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