Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids: a review
01 Jan 2007-International Journal of Thermal Sciences (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES)-Vol. 46, Iss: 1, pp 1-19
TL;DR: A review on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in forced and free convection flows is presented in this article, where the authors identify opportunities for future research.
About: This article is published in International Journal of Thermal Sciences.The article was published on 2007-01-01. It has received 1988 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Convective heat transfer & Nanofluid.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the finite volume technique to solve the governing equations of heat transfer and fluid flow due to buoyancy forces in a partially heated enclosure using nanofluids.
1,783 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the important published articles on the enhancement of the forced convection heat transfer with nanofluids, including simulations, simulations, and experimental results.
1,738 citations
Cites background from "Heat transfer characteristics of na..."
...Wang and Mujumdar [68], and Daungthongsuk and Wongwises [69] presented a limited review convective heat transfer using nanofluids which summarizes research work on heat transfer characteristics....
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TL;DR: Development of an approach and corresponding material structure for solar steam generation while maintaining low optical concentration and keeping the bulk liquid at low temperature with no vacuum, which provides a novel approach to harvesting solar energy for a broad range of phase-change applications.
Abstract: Currently, steam generation using solar energy is based on heating bulk liquid to high temperatures. This approach requires either costly high optical concentrations leading to heat loss by the hot bulk liquid and heated surfaces or vacuum. New solar receiver concepts such as porous volumetric receivers or nanofluids have been proposed to decrease these losses. Here we report development of an approach and corresponding material structure for solar steam generation while maintaining low optical concentration and keeping the bulk liquid at low temperature with no vacuum. We achieve solar thermal efficiency up to 85% at only 10 kW m(-2). This high performance results from four structure characteristics: absorbing in the solar spectrum, thermally insulating, hydrophilic and interconnected pores. The structure concentrates thermal energy and fluid flow where needed for phase change and minimizes dissipated energy. This new structure provides a novel approach to harvesting solar energy for a broad range of phase-change applications.
1,495 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the recent progress on the study of nanofluids, such as the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for the stability of nanometrics, and the ways to enhance the stability for nanofl fluids, and presented the broad range of current and future applications in various fields including energy and mechanical and biomedical fields.
Abstract: Nanofluids, the fluid suspensions of nanomaterials, have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many applications. This paper summarizes the recent progress on the study of nanofluids, such as the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for the stability of nanofluids, and the ways to enhance the stability for nanofluids, the stability mechanisms of nanofluids, and presents the broad range of current and future applications in various fields including energy and mechanical and biomedical fields. At last, the paper identifies the opportunities for future research.
1,320 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the boundary layer flow induced in a nanofluid due to a linearly stretching sheet is studied numerically and the transport equations include the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis.
1,086 citations
References
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NEC1
TL;DR: Iijima et al. as mentioned in this paper reported the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes, which were produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis.
Abstract: THE synthesis of molecular carbon structures in the form of C60 and other fullerenes1 has stimulated intense interest in the structures accessible to graphitic carbon sheets. Here I report the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes. Produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis, the needles grow at the negative end of the electrode used for the arc discharge. Electron microscopy reveals that each needle comprises coaxial tubes of graphitic sheets, ranging in number from 2 up to about 50. On each tube the carbon-atom hexagons are arranged in a helical fashion about the needle axis. The helical pitch varies from needle to needle and from tube to tube within a single needle. It appears that this helical structure may aid the growth process. The formation of these needles, ranging from a few to a few tens of nanometres in diameter, suggests that engineering of carbon structures should be possible on scales considerably greater than those relevant to the fullerenes. On 7 November 1991, Sumio Iijima announced in Nature the preparation of nanometre-size, needle-like tubes of carbon — now familiar as 'nanotubes'. Used in microelectronic circuitry and microscopy, and as a tool to test quantum mechanics and model biological systems, nanotubes seem to have unlimited potential.
39,086 citations
"Heat transfer characteristics of na..." refers methods in this paper
...The first report on the synthesis of nanotubes was conducted by Iijima [ 31 ]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: This book is a blend of erudition, popularization, and exposition, and the illustrations include many superb examples of computer graphics that are works of art in their own right.
Abstract: "...a blend of erudition (fascinating and sometimes obscure historical minutiae abound), popularization (mathematical rigor is relegated to appendices) and exposition (the reader need have little knowledge of the fields involved) ...and the illustrations include many superb examples of computer graphics that are works of art in their own right." Nature
24,199 citations
"Heat transfer characteristics of na..." refers methods in this paper
...Based on the fractal theory [ 87 ], which can well describe the disorder and stochastic process of clustering and polarization of nanoparticles within the mesoscale limit, a fractal model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid was proposed by Wang et al. [88], who developed a fractal model based on the multi-component Maxwell model by substituting the effective thermal conductivity of the particle clusters, kcl(r), ......
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Book•
01 Jan 1873
TL;DR: The most influential nineteenth-century scientist for twentieth-century physics, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Arguably the most influential nineteenth-century scientist for twentieth-century physics, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. A fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, Maxwell became, in 1871, the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. His famous equations - a set of four partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to their sources, charge density and current density - first appeared in fully developed form in his 1873 Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. This two-volume textbook brought together all the experimental and theoretical advances in the field of electricity and magnetism known at the time, and provided a methodical and graduated introduction to electromagnetic theory. Volume 2 covers magnetism and electromagnetism, including the electromagnetic theory of light, the theory of magnetic action on light, and the electric theory of magnetism.
9,565 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Berechnung der dielektrizitatatkonstanten and der Leitfahigkeiten fur Elektriatitat and Warme der Mischkorper aus isotropen Bestandteilen behandelt.
Abstract: Es werden verschiedene physikalische Konstanten heterogener Korper aus den Konstanten ihrer homogenen Bestandteile nach einer einheitlichen Methode berechnet. In dieser ersten Arbeit wird die Berechnung der Dielektrizitatskonstanten und der Leitfahigkeiten fur Elektrizitat und Warme der Mischkorper aus isotropen Bestandteilen behandelt. Die Genauigkeit der alteren Formeln wird untersucht und die bis jetzt unbekannten Konstanten dieser Formeln werden berechnet. Sodann wird die Theorie gepruft an Messungen der Leitfahigkeit bei heterogenen Metallegierungen und an den DK. von gepresten Pulvern und Emulsionen; die verschiedenen Formeln werden bestatigt. Bei dieser Anwendung werden einige Widerspruche zwischen fruheren Untersuchungen aufgehoben und es wird versucht, einige ungenau bekannte DK. genauer zu bestimmen.
7,155 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative new class of heat transfer fluids can be engineered by suspending metallic nanoparticles in conventional heat-transfer fluids, which are expected to exhibit high thermal conductivities compared to those of currently used heat transfer fluid, and they represent the best hope for enhancing heat transfer.
Abstract: Low thermal conductivity is a primary limitation in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer fluids that are required in many industrial applications. In this paper we propose that an innovative new class of heat transfer fluids can be engineered by suspending metallic nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids. The resulting {open_quotes}nanofluids{close_quotes} are expected to exhibit high thermal conductivities compared to those of currently used heat transfer fluids, and they represent the best hope for enhancement of heat transfer. The results of a theoretical study of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids with copper nanophase materials are presented, the potential benefits of the fluids are estimated, and it is shown that one of the benefits of nanofluids will be dramatic reductions in heat exchanger pumping power.
4,634 citations
"Heat transfer characteristics of na..." refers background in this paper
...heat transfer behavior in parallel channels using an unspecified nanofluid and observed a reduction in thermal resistance by a factor of 2. Xuan and Li [ 46 ] experimentally investigated flow...
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...Forced convective heat transfer: Lee and Choi [45] parallel channels unspecified reduction in thermal resistance by a factor of 2 Xuan and Li [ 46 ] tube (D = 10, L = 800 mm), Cu/water turbulent, large enhancement of heat transfer coef....
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...Previous studies with nearly spherical nanoparticles (aspect ratio, α 1) [ 46 ,47,52] showed an enhancement of the convective heat transfer of up to 60%....
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