Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India.
01 Feb 2007-Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (Ecotoxicol Environ Saf)-Vol. 66, Iss: 2, pp 258-266
TL;DR: The study concludes that the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation has increased the contamination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in edible portion of vegetables causing potential health risk in the long term from this practice.
About: This article is published in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.The article was published on 2007-02-01. It has received 909 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Irrigation & Soil water.
Citations
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TL;DR: It is highlighted that both adults and children consuming food crops grown in wastewater-irrigated soils ingest significant amount of the metals studied, however, health risk index values of less than 1 indicate a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of contaminated vegetables.
1,951 citations
Cites background or result from "Heavy metal contamination of soil a..."
...Results from present and previous studies (Liu et al., 2005; Muchuweti et al., 2006; Sharma et al., 2007) demonstrate that the plants grown on wastewater-irrigated soils contaminated with heavy metals, and pose a major health concern....
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...Heavy metal concentrations were lower than the corresponding metal concentrations, detected in the plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils in India (Sharma et al., 2007)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive assessment indicates that chemical stabilization serves as a temporary soil remediation technique, phytoremediation needs improvement in efficiency, surface capping and landfilling are applicable to small, serious-contamination sites, while solidification and vitrification are the last remediation option.
966 citations
TL;DR: Partitioning pattern of soil revealed high levels of Zn, Cr, and Cu associated with labile fractions, making them more mobile and plant available, and human risk was found to be high for Zn followed by Cr and Pb with special reference to leafy vegetables particularly spinach and amaranthus.
810 citations
Cites background or result from "Heavy metal contamination of soil a..."
...There are few such studies conducted in India on the metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation (Agrawal, 1999; Singh et al., 2004; Rattan et al., 2005; Sharma et al., 2007)....
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...(1997), Singh and Garg (2006) (comparison with other studies in India)....
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TL;DR: The study suggests that wastewater irrigation led to accumulation of heavy metals in food stuff causing potential health risks to consumers, and heavy metal contamination in the wastewater irrigated site presented a significant threat of negative impact on human health.
728 citations
Cites background or result from "Heavy metal contamination of soil a..."
...Sharma et al. (2007) have reported much lower concentration of Ni in palak grown in the area irrigated with treated sewage water....
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...…(21.1 lg g 1) concentrations were higher and Cr (19.1 lg g 1) concentration was lower than the mean concentrations of 2.80, 20.35, 15.57, 43.56, 13.37 and 30.67 lg g 1 for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr, respectively, reported by Sharma et al. (2007) in the soil of wastewater irrigated area of Dinapur....
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...Sharma et al. (2007) reported similar ranges of Cd, Ni and Zn in irrigation water of DSTP, but Cu, Pb and Cr were twofold higher during the present study....
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...Highest concentration of Zn was also reported by Singh and Kumar (2006) in the soil of Najafgarh, Delhi where the main sources of contamination were sewage water irrigation and by Singh et al. (2004) and Sharma et al. (2007) from Dinapur area....
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...This difference may be ascribed to samples collected during two specific periods in the year i.e. winter (December to January) and summer (April to May) season by Sharma et al. (2007), whereas in the present study sampling was conducted fortnightly for a year....
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TL;DR: The results indicated a substantial build-up of heavy metals in vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated soils as mentioned in this paper, and the values of these metals were below the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
706 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The most widely read reference in the water industry, Water Industry Reference as discussed by the authors, is a comprehensive reference tool for water analysis methods that covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis.
Abstract: Set your standards with these standard methods. This is it: the most widely read publication in the water industry, your all-inclusive reference tool. This comprehensive reference covers all aspects of USEPA-approved water analysis methods. More than 400 methods - all detailed step-by-step; 8 vibrant, full-color pages of aquatic algae illustrations; Never-before-seen figures that will help users with toxicity testing and the identification of apparatus used in the methods; Over 300 superbly illustrated figures; A new analytical tool for a number of inorganic nonmetals; Improved coverage of data evaluation, sample preservation, and reagant water; And much more!
78,324 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1966
1,347 citations
"Heavy metal contamination of soil a..." refers background or result in this paper
...Cd, Zn, and Cu concentrations were, however, higher than the values reported for typical uncontaminated soil (Bowen, 1966). The comparison of the data from the present study with earlier findings of Singh et al. (2004) at Dinapur, Varanasi suggested that the range of concentrations of Cd and Cr in soil was higher; however, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Ni were lower than the previously reported range....
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...Cao and Hu (2000) in China also reported manyfold higher Cu concentration (12mgL ) in wastewater than the present study value (0....
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...Cd, Zn, and Cu concentrations were, however, higher than the values reported for typical uncontaminated soil (Bowen, 1966)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this article, a basic model of environmental pollution is presented, which includes the transport and behaviour of pollutants in the environment, as well as the effects of pollutants on humans and other organisms.
Abstract: One Basic Principles.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Pollution in the modern world.- 1.2 Definition of pollution.- References.- Further reading.- 2 Transport and behaviour of pollutants in the environment.- 2.1 A basic model of environmental pollution.- 2.2 Sources of pollutants.- 2.3 The pollutants.- 2.3.1 Classification of hazardous substances in the USA.- 2.3.2 European Community Dangerous Substances Directive.- 2.3.3 UK priority list of pollutants.- 2.3.4 Pesticides.- 2.3.5 Indoor pollution.- 2.4 Physical processes of pollutant transport and dispersion.- 2.4.1 Transport media.- 2.4.2 Transport of pollutants in air.- 2.4.3 Some important types of reactions which pollutantsundergo in the atmosphere.- 2.5 Transport of pollutants in water.- 2.5.1 Biochemical processes in water (involving microorganisms).- 2.6 The behaviour of pollutants in the soil.- 2.6.1 The composition and physico-chemical properties of soils.- 2.6.2 Cation and anion adsorption in soils.- 2.6.3 Adsorption and decomposition of organic pollutants.- 2.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Toxicity and risk assessment of environmental pollutants.- 3.1 Basic principles of toxicology.- 3.2 Effects of pollutants on animals and plants.- 3.2.1 Effects of pollutants on humans and other mammals.- 3.2.2 Teratogenesis, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and immunesystem defects.- 3.2.3 Ecotoxicology.- 3.3 Assessment of toxicity risks.- 3.3.1 Pollutants in contaminated land.- 3.3.2 Pollutants in drinking water.- 3.3.3 Toxic or explosive gases and vapours.- References.- 4 Analysis and monitoring of pollutants - organiccompounds.- 4.1 Chromatography.- 4.2 Thin layer chromatography (TLC).- 4.2.1 Separation of pesticides.- 4.2.2 Separation of metal cations.- 4.3 Gas liquid chromatography (GLC).- 4.3.1 Detection of eluted substances.- 4.3.2 Principal parameters.- 4.3.3 Optimum operating conditions.- 4.3.4 Capillary columns for GLC.- 4.3.5 Analysis of urban air pollution.- 4.3.6 Detection by mass spectrometry.- 4.4 High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).- 4.4.1 The components.- 4.4.2 Detectors.- 4.4.3 Analysis of polluted air.- 4.4.4 Analysis of polluted water.- 4.4.5 Trace enrichment followed by GLC analysis.- 4.5 Pollution by metals - atomic absorption spectroscopy.- 4.5.1 Historical.- 4.5.2 Basic theory of atomic absorption and emission.- 4.5.3 The Lambert-Beer law.- 4.5.4 Instrumental details.- 4.5.5 Interferences.- 4.5.6 The determination of sodium in concrete by AAS.- 4.5.7 Sample preparation.- 4.5.8 Precision and accuracy of measurement.- 4.5.9 Graphite furnace AAS.- 4.6 A plasma source.- 4.6.1 ICP-mass spectrometry.- 4.7 Analytical quality assurance.- 4.8 Environmental monitoring.- 4.8.1 Introduction.- 4.8.2 Monitoring emissions.- References.- Further reading.- Two the Pollutants.- 5 Inorganic pollutants.- 5.1 Ozone.- 5.1.1 Historical.- 5.1.2 Formation.- 5.1.3 Physical properties and structure.- 5.1.4 The ozone layer.- 5.1.5 Factors which disturb the natural environment.- 5.1.6 Chemistry of stratospheric CFC.- 5.1.7 Control measures.- 5.1.8 Ozone in the troposphere.- 5.1.9 Diurnal variations of ozone levels.- 5.1.10 Toxicity and control.- 5.2 Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur.- 5.2.1 Carbon dioxide.- 5.2.2 Oxides of nitrogen.- 5.2.3 Oxides of sulphur.- 5.3 Heavy metals.- 5.3.1 General properties.- 5.3.2 Biochemical properties of heavy metals.- 5.3.3 Sources of heavy metals.- 5.3.4 Environmental media affected.- 5.3.5 Heavy metal behaviour in the environment.- 5.3.6 Toxic effects of heavy metals.- 5.3.7 Analytical methods.- 5.3.8 Examples of specific heavy metals.- 5.4 Other metals and inorganic pollutants.- 5.4.1 Aluminium.- 5.4.2 Beryllium.- 5.4.3 Fluorine.- 5.5 Radionuclides.- 5.5.1 History and nomenclature.- 5.5.2 Types of radioactive emission.- 5.5.3 Units of energy and measurement of toxicity.- 5.5.4 Radioactive potassium.- 5.5.5 Production of radionuclides by artificial means.- 5.5.6 Nuclear fission.- 5.5.7 Power generation I n nuclear reactors.- 5.5.8 Nuclear reactor types.- 5.5.9 The future of nuclear power.- 5.5.10 Observations on major accidents.- 5.5.11 Radioactive release within buildings.- 5.5.12 Social aspects of nuclear power generation.- 5.5.13 Power from thermal fusion.- 5.5.14 Cold fusion.- 5.6 Mineral fibres and particles.- 5.6.1 General aspects.- 5.6.2 Analysis.- 5.6.3 Examples of mineral pollutants.- References.- Further reading.- 6 Organic pollutants.- 6.1 Smoke.- 6.2 Methane and other hydrocarbons - coal and oil as sources.- 6.2.1 The formation of coal.- 6.2.2 Petroleum.- 6.2.3 Methane.- 6.2.4 Higher alkanes.- 6.2.5 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).- 6.3 Organic solvents.- 6.3.1 Adhesives.- 6.3.2 Coatings and inks.- 6.3.3 Aerosol sprays.- 6.3.4 Metal cleaning.- 6.3.5 Dry cleaning of clothes.- 6.3.6 Solvent toxicology.- 6.3.7 Organochlorine compounds.- 6.3.8 Detergents.- 6.3.9 Indoor pollution.- 6.4 Organohalides: pesticides, PCBs and dioxins.- 6.4.1 Historical.- 6.4.2 Organochlorine production.- 6.4.3 DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane).- 6.4.4 Lindane, hexachlorocyclohexane.- 6.4.5 Some other chlorinated pesticides.- 6.4.6 Organochlorine herbicides.- 6.4.7 Toxic effects of insecticides.- 6.4.8 Control of pesticides.- 6.4.9 Vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.- 6.4.10 Polychlorobiphenyls.- 6.4.11 Toxic substances in herbicides.- 6.4.12 Metabolism of chloraromatic compounds.- 6.4.13 Disposal of organochlorine compounds.- 6.4.14 Cremation or burial.- 6.4.15 Use of decay organisms.- 6.5 Natural, organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.- 6.5.1 Naturally occurring pesticides.- 6.5.2 Organophosphorus pesticides.- 6.5.3 Carbamate pesticides.- 6.6 Odours.- 6.6.1 Important properties of odours.- 6.6.2 Methods of odour control.- 6.6.3 Methods of odour treatment.- References.- Further reading.- Three Wastes and other Multi-Pollutant Situations.- 7 Wastes and their disposal.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Amounts of waste produced.- 7.2.1 Industrial wastes.- 7.2.2 Municipal wastes.- 7.3 Methods of disposal of municipal wastes.- 7.3.1 Landfilling.- 7.3.2 Incineration.- 7.3.3 Composting.- 7.3.4 Recycling.- 7.4 Sewage treatment.- 7.5 Hazardous wastes.- 7.5.1 The nature and amount of hazardous waste produced.- 7.5.2 Hazardous waste management.- 7.5.3 New technologies for waste disposal.- 7.6 Long-term pollution problems of abandoned landfills containinghazardous wastes.- 7.6.1 Love Canal, New York, USA.- 7.6.2 Lekkerkirk, near Rotterdam, The Netherlands.- 7.7 Tanker accidents and oil spillages at sea.- 7.8 Other multi-pollutant situations.- 7.9 Chemical time bombs.- References.- Appendix Table of units and conversions.
889 citations
"Heavy metal contamination of soil a..." refers background in this paper
...Other sources of heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil are sewage sludge, fertilizers, and pesticides (Alloway and Ayres, 1993; Ross, 1994)....
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Book•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the latest views on health risks, environmental hazards and crop production potential associated with the use of treated waste water for irrigation and agriculture in seven countries under different conditions.
Abstract: This publication provides a guide for the use of treated effluent for irrigation and agriculture. It presents the latest views on health risks, environmental hazards and crop production potential associated with the use of treated waste water. It explains the basis for conventional waste water treatment processes and introduces natural biological treatment systems as viable alternatives in developing countries, particularly in hot climates. An important chapter concentrates on waste water irrigation and with water quality requirements for optimum crop production and potential impacts on soils and crops. Economic, institutional and policy issues of waste water use in agriculture are briefly discussed. Finally, waste water use experience in seven countries under different conditions is reviewed and contrasted, including the USA, Jordan, Kuwait, Tunisia, Mexico, and India
724 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Ross et al. investigated the sources and forms of potentially toxic metals in Soil-Plant Systems (S. Ross), and their distribution in Contaminated Ecosystems.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: THEORY AND PROCESSES. Sources and Forms of Potentially Toxic Metals in Soil--Plant Systems (S. Ross). Retention, Transformation and Mobility of Toxic Metals in Soils (S. Ross). Toxic Metals: Fate and Distribution in Contaminated Ecosystems (S. Ross). CASE STUDIES. Mechanisms of Ecosystem Recovery Following 11 Years of Nutrient Enrichment in an Old--Field Community (S. Brewer, et al.). The Impact and Fate of Heavy Metals in an Oak Woodland Ecosystem (M. Martin & R. Bullock). Caesium Cycling in Heather Moorland Ecosystems (A. Horrill & G. Clint). A Metal Budget for a Monsoonal Wetland in Northern Australia (C. Finlayson). Index.
652 citations