Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER): Scientific Objectives and Experimental Design
01 Aug 2013-Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society)-Vol. 94, Iss: 8, pp 1145-1160
TL;DR: In this paper, a program called the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) was implemented to improve the observability of hydrological and ecological processes, to build a world-class watershed observing system, and to enhance the applicability of remote sensing in integrated ecohydrological studies and water resource management at basin scale.
Abstract: A major research plan entitled “Integrated research on the ecohydrological process of the Heihe River Basin” was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2010. One of the key aims of this research plan is to establish a research platform that integrates observation, data management, and model simulation to foster twenty-first-century watershed science in China. Based on the diverse needs of interdisciplinary studies within this research plan, a program called the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) was implemented. The overall objective of HiWATER is to improve the observability of hydrological and ecological processes, to build a world-class watershed observing system, and to enhance the applicability of remote sensing in integrated ecohydrological studies and water resource management at the basin scale. This paper introduces the background, scientific objectives, and experimental design of HiWATER. The instrumental setting and airborne mission plans a...
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TL;DR: The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) is the first high spatial-temporal resolution gridded near-surface meteorological dataset developed specifically for studies of land surface processes in China and is one of the most widely-used climate datasets for China.
Abstract: The China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) is the first high spatial-temporal resolution gridded near-surface meteorological dataset developed specifically for studies of land surface processes in China. The dataset was made through fusion of remote sensing products, reanalysis datasets and in-situ station data. Its record begins in January 1979 and is ongoing (currently up to December 2018) with a temporal resolution of three hours and a spatial resolution of 0.1°. Seven near-surface meteorological elements are provided in the CMFD, including 2-meter air temperature, surface pressure, and specific humidity, 10-meter wind speed, downward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation and precipitation rate. Validations against observations measured at independent stations show that the CMFD is of superior quality than the GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation System); this is because a larger number of stations are used to generate the CMFD than are utilised in the GLDAS. Due to its continuous temporal coverage and consistent quality, the CMFD is one of the most widely-used climate datasets for China.
583 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the integrated studies of the water-ecosystem-economy relationship in the Heihe River Basin and concluded that sustainable development in inland river basins requires the basin to be considered as a whole, with the relationships between the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the basin coordinated appropriately.
Abstract: The ecological water diversion project in the Heihe River Basin is the first successful case in China in which the ecological systems in a river basin have been rescued. This project serves as a valuable example for the management of ecosystems in other inland river basins. This paper reviews the integrated studies of the water-ecosystem-economy relationship in the Heihe River Basin and concludes that sustainable development in inland river basins requires the basin to be considered as a whole, with the relationships between the upstream, midstream and downstream areas of the basin coordinated appropriately. Successful development in these basins will be reflected in an improved output per cubic meter of water and the implementation of integrated river basin management practices.
396 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-scale observation experiment on evapotranspiration over heterogeneous land surfaces of The Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER-MUSOEXE) was conducted, particularly in regard to radiation and turbulent flux measurements.
Abstract: [1] Agreement among instruments is very important for the Multi-Scale Observation Experiment on Evapotranspiration over heterogeneous land surfaces of The Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER-MUSOEXE), particularly in regard to radiation and turbulent flux measurements Before HiWATER-MUSOEXE was conducted, 20 eddy covariance (EC) system sets, 18 radiometer sets, and seven large aperture scintillometers (LASs) sets were intercompared over the Gobi desert between 14 and 24 May 2012 For radiometers, the four-component radiation measurements exhibited good agreement—the average root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) for the net radiation were 1038 W m−2 and 124%, respectively With regard to the EC systems, the best consistency for sensible heat fluxes was found among CSAT3 sonic anemometers and Li7500A/Li7500/EC150 combinations (average RMSE, 1230 W m−2 and MRE, −136%), followed by Gill sonic anemometers and Li7500A/Li7500 combinations when a proper angle of attack correction method was applied (average RMSE, 1675 W m−2 and MRE, −552%) The sensible heat flux measured using different LASs agreed well with high correlation coefficients—the average RMSE and MRE values were 1026 W m−2 and 548% for boundary layer scintillometer (BLS) 900, 1632 W m−2 and 1047% for BLS450, and 1438 W m−2 and −372% for ZZLAS, respectively The EC and LAS measurements were compared and agreed well over homogeneous underlying surfaces, which also indicated that the EC and LAS measurements would be comparable in the follow-up experiment The intercomparison results can be used to determine instrument placement and are very helpful for subsequent data analysis
255 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multiscale observation experiment on evapotranspiration over heterogeneous land surfaces was conducted in the midstream region of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), which included a flux observation matrix, wireless sensor network, airborne remote sensing, and synchronized ground measurements.
Abstract: Research on land surface processes at the catchment scale has drawn much attention over the past few decades, and a number of watershed observatories have been established worldwide. The Heihe River Basin (HRB), which contains the second largest inland river in China, is an ideal natural field experimental area for investigation of land surface processes involving diverse landscapes and the coexistence of cold and arid regions. The Heihe Integrated Observatory Network was established in 2007. For long-term observations, a hydrometeorological observatory, ecohydrological wireless sensor network, and satellite remote sensing are now in operation. In 2012, a multiscale observation experiment on evapotranspiration over heterogeneous land surfaces was conducted in the midstream region of the HRB, which included a flux observation matrix, wireless sensor network, airborne remote sensing, and synchronized ground measurements. Under an open data policy, the datasets have been publicly released following careful data processing and quality control. The outcomes highlight the integrated research on land surface processes in the HRB and include observed trends, scaling methods, high spatiotemporal resolution remote sensing products, and model–data integration in the HRB, all of which are helpful to other endorheic basins in the “Silk Road Economic Belt.” Henceforth, the goal of the Heihe Integrated Observatory Network is to develop an intelligent monitoring system that incorporates ground-based observatory networks, unmanned aerial vehicles, and multi-source satellites through the Internet of Things technology. Furthermore, biogeochemical processes observation will be improved, and the study of integrating ground observations, remote sensing, and large-scale models will be promoted further.
237 citations
Cites background or methods from "Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Ex..."
...One of the key goals of this research plan was to establish a research platform that integrates observations, data management, and model simulation, representing the frontiers in watershed science in China (Li et al., 2013)....
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...…first established in 2007 during the WATER experiment (2007–2011; Li et al., 2009) and was completed in 2013 during the HiWATER experiment (2012–2015; Li et al., 2013) under the framework of the “Integrated research on the eco-hydrological process of the Heihe River Basin” project supported by the…...
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..., 2009) and was completed in 2013 during the HiWATER experiment (2012–2015; Li et al., 2013) under the framework of the “Integrated research on the eco-hydrological process of the Heihe River Basin” project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China....
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...These characteristics make the HRB an ideal natural field experimental area to further pursue integrated observation and research on land surface processes and will benefit the natural ecosystem and society and expand scientific research on watersheds and remote sensing research for cold and arid regions (Li et al., 2013)....
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...The hydrometeorological observatory includes at most 23 observation stations (three superstations and 20 ordinary stations) covering the main land surfaces in the HRB (Liu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013; Liu and Xu, 2018), including alpine meadows, forestlands, croplands, deserts, bare lands, and wetlands (Table 1; Fig....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) land surface temperature (LST) environmental data record (EDR) and MODIS L2 swath LST products (collection 5) from both the Terra and Aqua satellites were evaluated against ground observations in an arid area of northwest China during the Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER) experiment.
199 citations
References
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TL;DR: The LPJ model as mentioned in this paper combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework, including feedback through canopy conductance between photosynthesis and transpiration and interactive coupling between these 'fast' processes and other ecosystem processes.
Abstract: The Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ) combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework. Features include feedback through canopy conductance between photosynthesis and transpiration and interactive coupling between these 'fast' processes and other ecosystem processes including resource competition, tissue turnover, population dynamics, soil organic matter and litter dynamics and fire disturbance. Ten plants functional types (PFTs) are differentiated by physiological, morphological, phenological, bioclimatic and fire-response attributes. Resource competition and differential responses to fire between PFTs influence their relative fractional cover from year to year. Photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and soil water dynamics are modelled on a daily time step, while vegetation structure and PFT population densities are updated annually. Simulations have been made over the industrial period both for specific sites where field measurements were available for model evaluation, and globally on a 0.5degrees x 0.5degrees grid. Modelled vegetation patterns are consistent with observations, including remotely sensed vegetation structure and phenology. Seasonal cycles of net ecosystem exchange and soil moisture compare well with local measurements. Global carbon exchange fields used as input to an atmospheric tracer transport model (TM2) provided a good fit to observed seasonal cycles of CO2 concentration at all latitudes. Simulated inter-annual variability of the global terrestrial carbon balance is in phase with and comparable in amplitude to observed variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 . Global terrestrial carbon and water cycle parameters (pool sizes and fluxes) lie within their accepted ranges. The model is being used to study past, present and future terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, biochemical and biophysical interactions between ecosystems and the atmosphere, and as a component of coupled Earth system models.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of homonymity in homonym identification, i.e., homonym-of-individuals-with-groups.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a revised version of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB2) is presented, incorporating a realistic canopy photosynthesis-conductance model to describe the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of the vegetation, respectively.
Abstract: The formulation of a revised land surface parameterization for use within atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) is presented. The model (SiB2) incorporates several significant improvements over the first version of the Simple Biosphere model (SiB) described in Sellers et al. The improvements can be summarized as follows: (i) incorporation of a realistic canopy photosynthesis–conductance model to describe the simultaneous transfer of CO2 and water vapor into and out of the vegetation, respectively; (ii) use of satellite data, as described in a companion paper, Part II, to describe the vegetation phonology; (iii) modification of the hydrological submodel to give better descriptions of baseflows and a more reliable calculation of interlayer exchanges within the soil profile; (iv) incorporation of a “patchy” snowmelt treatment, which prevents rapid thermal and surface reflectance transitions when the area-averaged snow cover is low and decreasing. To accommodate the changes in (i) and (ii) ab...
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TL;DR: SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a conceptual, continuous time model that was developed in the early 1990s to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management and climate on water supplies and non-point source pollution in watersheds and large river basins as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a conceptual, continuous time model that was developed in the early 1990s to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management and climate on water supplies and non-point source pollution in watersheds and large river basins. SWAT is the continuation of over 30 years of model development within the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service and was developed to ‘scale up’ past field-scale models to large river basins. Model components include weather, hydrology, erosion/sedimentation, plant growth, nutrients, pesticides, agricultural management, stream routing and pond/reservoir routing. The latest version, SWAT2000, has several significant enhancements that include: bacteria transport routines; urban routines; Green and Ampt infiltration equation; improved weather generator; ability to read in daily solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and potential ET; Muskingum channel routing; and modified dormancy calculations for tropical areas. A complete set of model documentation for equations and algorithms, a user manual describing model inputs and outputs, and an ArcView interface manual are now complete for SWAT2000. The model has been recoded into Fortran 90 with a complete data dictionary, dynamic allocation of arrays and modular subroutines. Current research is focusing on bacteria, riparian zones, pothole topography, forest growth, channel downcutting and widening, and input uncertainty analysis.
The model SWAT is meanwhile used in many countries all over the world. Recent developments in European Environmental Policy, such as the adoption of the European Water Framework directive in December 2000, demand tools for integrative river basin management. The model SWAT is applicable for this purpose. It is a flexible model that can be used under a wide range of different environmental conditions, as this special issue will show. The papers compiled here are the result of the first International SWAT Conference held in August 2001 in Rauischholzhausen, Germany. More than 50 participants from 14 countries discussed their modelling experiences with the model development team from the USA. Nineteen selected papers with issues reaching from the newest developments, the evaluation of river basin management, interdisciplinary approaches for river basin management, the impact of land use change, methodical aspects and models derived from SWAT are published in this special issue. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a distributed hydrology-vegetation model is described that includes canopy interception, evaporation, transpiration, and snow accumulation and melt, as well as runoff generation via the saturation excess mechanisms.
Abstract: A distributed hydrology-vegetation model is described that includes canopy interception, evaporation, transpiration, and snow accumulation and melt, as well as runoff generation via the saturation excess mechanisms Digital elevation data are used to model topographic controls on incoming solar radiation, air temperature, precipitation, and downslope water movement Canopy evapotranspiration is represented via a two-layer Penman-Monteith formulation that incorporates local net solar radiation, surface meteorology, soil characteristics and moisture status, and species-dependent leaf area index and stomatal resistance Snow accumulation and ablation are modeled using an energy balance approach that includes the effects of local topography and vegetation cover Saturated subsurface flow is modeled using a quasi three-dimensional routing scheme The model was applied at a 180-m scale to the Middle Fork Flathead River basin in northwestern Montana This 2900-km2, snowmelt-dominated watershed ranges in elevation from 900 to over 3000 m The model was calibrated using 2 years of recorded precipitation and streamflow The model was verified against 2 additional years of runoff and against advanced very high resolution radiometer based spatial snow cover data at the 1-km2 scale Simulated discharge showed acceptable agreement with observations The simulated areal patterns of snow cover were in general agreement with the remote sensing observations, but were lagged slightly in time
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