Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on the infectivity and antigenicity of the MS-1 and MS-2 strains.
01 Nov 1970-The Journal of Infectious Diseases (Oxford University Press)-Vol. 122, Iss: 5, pp 432-436
TL;DR: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of boiling (98 C for 1 min) on the infectivity and immunogenic capacity of the MS-1 and MS-2 serum pools.
Abstract: Studies on the natural history and prevention of viral hepatitis have been in progress at the Willowbrook State School since 1956 [1-5]. The background for this investigation was described in detail in a recent publication [5]. During the course of these studies, 2 types of hepatitis were identified; one was designated MS-1 and the other MS-2. The MS-1 type resembled classical viral hepatitis, type A or infectious hepatitis (IH). The MS-2 type resembled viral hepatitis, type B or serum hepatitis (SH). Availability of separate serum pools containing the MS-1 and MS-2 strains of hepatitis virus provided pedigreed materials for the study of IH and SH viruses. Previous experience revealed that both viruses were infective after exposure to a temperature of 56 C for 30 min [1, 6]. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of boiling (98 C for 1 min) on the infectivity and immunogenic capacity of the MS-1 and MS-2 serum pools.
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TL;DR: In this article, the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in a randomized, double-blind trial in 1083 homosexual men known to be at high risk for hepatitis B virus infection was evaluated.
Abstract: We assessed the efficacy of an inactivated hepatitis B vaccine in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial in 1083 homosexual men known to be at high risk for hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine was found to be safe and the incidence of side effects was low. Within two months, 77% of the vaccinated persons had high levels of antibody against the hepatitis B surface antigen. This rate increased to 96% after the booster dose and remained essentially unchanged for the duration of the trial. For the first 18 months of follow-up, hepatitis B or subclinical infection developed in only 1.4 to 3.4% of the vaccine recipients as compared with 18 to 27% of placebo recipients (P < 0.0001). The reduction of incidence in the vaccinees was as high as 92.3%; none of the vaccinees with a detectable immune response to the vaccine had clinical hepatitis B or asymptomatic antigenemia. A significant reduction of incidence was already seen within 75 days after randomization; this observation suggests that the vaccine may be efficacious even when given after exposure.
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TL;DR: Yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines, containing the small HBV envelope protein SHBAg, are immunogenic, safe and cost-effective in prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in neonates, children and adults.
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TL;DR: Significant progress in the understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made and effective treatment modalities have been developed for persons with chronic infection.
Abstract: Acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 350 million people worldwide have chronic HBV infection and that 1 million persons die each year from HBV-related chronic liver disease. In the past decade, significant progress in the understanding of the molecular virology and pathogenesis of HBV infection has been made. In addition, effective treatment modalities have been developed for persons with chronic infection. Worldwide, prevention of HBV transmission has become a high priority. In 1992, the Global Advisory Group to the World Health Organization recommended that all countries integrate hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization programs by 1997. Currently, 80 countries have done so and several others are planning to. Many countries have reported dramatic reductions in the prevalence of chronic HBV infection among children born since the hepatitis B vaccine was introduced into infant immunization schedules. Recent reports from Taiwan indicate a reduction in the incidence of liver cancer among children as a result of widespread hepatitis B vaccination programs.
465Â citations
Additional excerpts
...boiled a preparation of MS-2 serum for 1 min to determine the effect of heat on the infectivity of the virus (82)....
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TL;DR: Frozen serial serum specimens obtained from past studies on the natural history and prevention of Type B hepatitis in children were retested by radioimmunoassay for the following markers of hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)and antibody (Anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen ( anti-HBc).
Abstract: Frozen serial serum specimens obtained from past studies on the natural history and prevention of Type B hepatitis in children were retested by radioimmunoassay for the following markers of hepatitis B infection: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). The interval between exposure and evidence of viremia (HBsAg) was as short as six days. HBsAg and HBeAg persisted for two to five months and occasionally for more than one year after recovery. After the disappearance of their respective antigens, anti-HBc and anti-HBs persisted for more than seven years and anti-HBe for one to two years. Treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin after exposure induced complete or partial protection or prolongation of the incubation period. Administration of heat-inactivated hepatitis B virus, MS-2 strain, to 29 children induced an inapparent infection in three, characterized by a transient appearance of HBsAg and HBeAg, and the persistence of anti-HBc, anti-HBe and anti-HBs for more than two years.
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TL;DR: HB vaccine was without ill-effects, irrespective of hepatitis B marker status before immunisation, and after twelve months' follow-up, the incidence of the HBsAg carrier state was reduced by 85% in susceptible children.
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References
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TL;DR: Patients who receive large numbers of transfusions for anemia and other causes may develop precipitins in their blood, which were thought to be antibodies against serum lipoproteins which developed in the patients as a result of the repeated transfusions.
Abstract: Patients who receive large numbers of transfusions for anemia and other causes may develop precipitins in their blood. These precipitins may react in agar gel double diffusion experiments with specific human serum lipoprotein found in the blood of other individuals. Since these precipitins were found only in patients who had received transfusions they were thought to be antibodies against serum lipoproteins which developed in the patients as a result of the repeated transfusions. The precipitin is referred to as an isoprecipitin since it develops against a specificity found in an individual from the same species. The antilipoprotein isoprecipitin1,2developed in approximately 30% of 47 patients with thalassemia who had received transfusions. Isoprecipitins also developed in smaller number of transfused patients with other diseases. All precipitins stained with sudan black, a dye specific for lipid. Immunoelectrophoretic and ultracentrifugal studies showed that the protein with which the isoprecipitins reacted was a
1,187Â citations
"Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on ..." refers background in this paper
...The discovery of Australia antigen by Blumberg and associates had added a new dimension to hepatitis research [9, 10]....
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TL;DR: An antigen that reacted in the immunodiffusion test with serum from multiply transfused patients was detected in the blood during the incubation period prior to the onset of major chemical or clinical abnormalities, suggesting this antigen is specific for serum hepatitis virus.
Abstract: The aim of the following experiments was to provide an objective immunologic criterion for the diagnosis of serum hepatitis, as well as a possible means of screening for carriers of the agent of this disease. An antigen that reacted in the immunodiffusion test with serum from multiply transfused patients was detected in the blood during the incubation period prior to the onset of major chemical or clinical abnormalities. Double blind experiments suggest that this antigen is specific for serum hepatitis virus. Materials and Methods.-Clinical specimens: Sera from cases of transfusion-induced viral hepatitis, which we have collected, were obtained as part of a long-term study involving biweekly follow-up of transfused patients at The New York Hospital. Patients volunteering to participate in this study provided blood samples prior to transfusion and at least biweekly for a period of 6 months or more following transfusion. Test serum: The reference \"antiserum\" used in the majority of the studies to be described, hereinafter referred to as serum S, was obtained from a 24-year-old male patient with hemophilia who has received more than 10,000 units of blood, fresh-frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate during the course of treatment for bleeding episodes. He has had no episodes of icteric hepatitis, but it was presumed that he had been multiply exposed to the virus or viruses of serum hepatitis. Serum S was chosen for these studies because the patient's multiple exposure was thought to ensure a hyperimmune status. Subsequently, four other sera from multiply transfused patients have been found to react in a manner similar to serum S. For some experiments, the serum was concentrated by ethanol fractionation. To each milliliter of serum to be concentrated, 8 ml of 30% ethanol in 0.1 Ml NaCl, 0.01 M tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 0.001 Ml ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), (pH 7.0 at -7oC) were added. This mixture was held at -70C and lyophilized. The dried globulin fraction was then rehydrated with distilled water to 0.1 the original volume of serum employed. Immunodiffusion technique: Double diffusion in agar gel was done by a micro-Ouchterlony technique.1 Nonspecific precipitation reactions between adjacent wells were eliminated by the use of 0.9% agarose dissolved in a buffer composed of 0.1 M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris (pH 7.6 at 250C), and 0.001 M EDTA containing 1 mg/ml protamine sulfate. Protamine sulfate has been recently suggested as a means of decreasing virus-agar interaction.2 Plates were incubated in a humid atmosphere at room temperature and read daily for 7 days. Strong reactions were evident after overnight incubation, while weaker reactions required 2 or 3 days' incubation and intensified for several days. Clinical chemical methods: Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was assayed by a kinetic spectrophotometric method with the Gilford multiple method sample recording spectrophotometer.3 Serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes were assayed by the method of Amador et al.4 with the same instrument. Serum LDH isoenzymes were separated by thin agar gel electrophoresis and quantitated fluorometrically.5 Results.-Demonstration of an antigen appearing in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis: Failure in the past to isolate a causative virus from serum hepatitis could possibly be attributed to the fact that most isolation attempts have been carried out with specimens obtained early in the clinical course of the disease, at what is actually a late stage of the infection due to the
686Â citations
"Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on ..." refers background in this paper
...Studies by various investigators have associated this antigen with viral hepatitis, type B (SH) [5, 7]; it is not associated with viral hepatitis, type A (IH)....
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TL;DR: The identification of two types of infectious hepatitis with distinctive clinical, epidemiological, and immunological features provided an explanation for the occurrence of second attacks of the disease.
Abstract: The identification of two types of infectious hepatitis with distinctive clinical, epidemiological, and immunological features provided an explanation for the occurrence of second attacks of the disease. One type resembled classical infectious hepatitis (IH); it was characterized by an incubation period of 30 to 38 days, a relatively short period of abnormal serum transaminase activity (3 to 19 days), a consistently abnormal thymol turbidity, and a high degree of contagion. The other type resembled serum hepatitis (SH); it was characterized by a longer incubation period (41 to 108 days), a longer period of abnormal transaminase activity (35 to 200 days) and a relatively normal thymol turbidity. Contrary to commonly accepted concepts, the SH type was moderately contagious. Patients with IH type were later proved to be immune to the same type. Patients with the SH type were not immune to the IH type infection.
528Â citations
"Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on ..." refers background in this paper
...Studies on the natural history and prevention of viral hepatitis have been in progress at the Willowbrook State School since 1956 [1-5]....
[...]
TL;DR: Hepatitis-associated antigen was consistently present in sera from patients with MS-2 strain of serum hepatitis (SH); it was not present in MS-1, infectious hepatitis (IH), and Gamma-globulin consistently neutralized the infectivity of IH (MS-1) serum; in most cases it did not neutralize the infectivities of SH (MS -2) serum.
Abstract: Tests for the presence of Australia or hepatitisassociated antigen (HAA) and antibody (anti-HAA) were performed on more than 25,000 serum specimens from more than 700 patients with viral hepatitis. Hepatitisassociated antigen was consistently present in sera from patients with MS-2 strain of serum hepatitis (SH); it was not present in MS-1, infectious hepatitis (IH). Hepatitis-associated antigen was detected earlier after a parenteral exposure to SH than after an oral exposure. Antigen appeared two weeks to two months before onset of jaundice; it was transient in 65% of patients, but persisted for four months to 13 years in 35% of children. The average incubation period of IH (MS-1) was essentially the same following an oral or parenteral exposure (32 to 33 days); in SH (MS-2) it was 65 days after parenteral exposure and 98 days after oral exposure. Gamma-globulin consistently neutralized the infectivity of IH (MS-1) serum; in most cases it did not neutralize the infectivity of SH (MS-2) serum.
357Â citations
"Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on ..." refers background in this paper
...As indicated in a previous report [5], both serum pools were tested for safety to rule out the presence of adventitious agents....
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...Studies on the natural history and prevention of viral hepatitis have been in progress at the Willowbrook State School since 1956 [1-5]....
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...ing reinfection with the MS-2 strain of viral hepatitis [5]....
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...The background for this investigation was described in detail in a recent publication [5]....
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...Studies by various investigators have associated this antigen with viral hepatitis, type B (SH) [5, 7]; it is not associated with viral hepatitis, type A (IH)....
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Journal Article•
193Â citations
"Hepatitis virus: effect of heat on ..." refers background in this paper
...The discovery of Australia antigen by Blumberg and associates had added a new dimension to hepatitis research [9, 10]....
[...]