Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds in mice under lithogenic condition
TL;DR: The present novel report on the antioxidant influence of fenugreek seeds in conditions of oxidative stress brought about in hypercholesterolemia and lithogenic situation has an implication in deriving human health benefit of this spice adjuvant.
Abstract: We recently reported that dietary fenugreek seeds lower the incidence of cholesterol gallstones (CGS) in high-cholesterol fed mice and also regress pre-established CGS. In this study, fenugreek was evaluated for hepatoprotective and antioxidant influence in mice fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD). After feeding HCD for 10 weeks, groups of animals were maintained for further 10 weeks on HCD/basal diet/basal diet containing 6 or 12% fenugreek. Activities of serum aspartate aminotrasferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase increased with prolonged feeding of HCD. Activities of these enzymes were lower in animals fed basal control/ fenugreek containing diets after initial exposure to HCD, and were prominent in fenugreek groups. Hepatic lipid peroxides decreased and antioxidant molecules increased in fenugreek fed groups. Activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes – glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase were higher in fenugreek treatment. These results suggested hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of fenugreek seeds under conditions of lithogenicity.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
This animal study has indicated the health beneficial hepatoprotective and antioxidant influence of dietary fenugreek seeds in mice that had been previously chronically exposed to a high-cholesterol diet. These antioxidant effects of dietary fenugreek seeds are complementary to the recently reported reduction in the formation of cholesterol gallstones and regression of established cholesterol gallstones under lithogenic condition, namely, high cholesterol consumption and these effects were brought about by countering of the altered cholesterol saturation index in the bile by dietary fenugreek. The present novel report on the antioxidant influence of fenugreek seeds in conditions of oxidative stress brought about in hypercholesterolemia and lithogenic situation has an implication in deriving human health benefit of this spice adjuvant.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the potential of fenugreek in cancer treatment and prevention is presented, where the authors discuss the chemical constituents and bioactive compounds of Fenugreek, effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, toxicity, and future directions in cancer drug development.
41 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that fenugreek promotes metabolic resiliency via significant and selected effects on glucose regulation, hyperlipidemia, and adipose pathology; but may not be as effective as behavioral modifications at preventing the adverse metabolic consequences of a high fat diet.
Abstract: To assess the metabolically beneficial effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), C57BL/6J mice were fed a low- or high-fat diet for 16 weeks with or without 2% (w/w) fenugreek supplementation. Body weight, body composition, energy expenditure, food intake, and insulin/glucose tolerance were measured regularly, and tissues were collected for histological and biochemical analysis after 16 weeks of diet exposure. Fenugreek did not alter body weight, fat mass, or food intake in either group, but did transiently improve glucose tolerance in high fat-fed mice. Fenugreek also significantly improved high-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoprotein ratios in high fat-fed mice without affecting circulating total cholesterol, triglycerides, or glycerol levels. Fenugreek decreased hepatic expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 and increased subcutaneous inguinal adipose tissue expression of adiponectin, but did not prevent hepatic steatosis. Notably, fenugreek was not as effective at improving glucose tolerance as was four days of voluntary wheel running. Overall, our results demonstrate that fenugreek promotes metabolic resiliency via significant and selected effects on glucose regulation, hyperlipidemia, and adipose pathology; but may not be as effective as behavioral modifications at preventing the adverse metabolic consequences of a high fat diet.
28 citations
05 Apr 2017
TL;DR: The experimental studies discussed in this paper suggest that multiple signaling pathways (hallmarks) are involved in the anticancer activities of fenugreek, but their efficacy is still unclear, which requires further investigation.
20 citations
TL;DR: Increased cholesterol saturation index, cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and cholesterol:bile acid ratio in the bile caused by the lithogenic diet was countered by these spices.
Abstract: Dietary hypocholesterolemic spices-curcumin (active compound of turmeric (Curcuma longa)) and capsaicin (active compound of red pepper (Capsicum annuum)), the active principles of spices-turmeric (Curcuma longa) and red pepper (Capsicum annuum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds, garlic (Allium sativum), and onion (Allium cepa) are documented to have anti-cholelithogenic property in animal model. These spices prevent the induction of cholesterol gallstones by lithogenic high cholesterol diet and also regress the pre-established cholesterol gallstones, by virtue of their hypolipidemic potential. The antilithogenic influence of these spices is primarily attributable to their hypocholesterolemic effect. Increased cholesterol saturation index, cholesterol:phospholipid ratio and cholesterol:bile acid ratio in the bile caused by the lithogenic diet was countered by these spices. The antilithogenicity of these hypocholesterolemic spices was considered to be due also to their influence on biliary proteins that have pro-nucleating activity and anti-nucleating activity. Investigations on the involvement of biliary proteins in cholesterol crystal nucleation revealed that in an in vitro bile model, low molecular weight biliary proteins of the lithogenic diet fed animals have a pro-nucleating activity. On the contrary, low molecular weight biliary proteins of the animals fed hypocholesterolemic spices along with lithogenic diet showed a potent anti-nucleating activity.
17 citations
Cites background from "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant ef..."
...An animal study was conducted to evaluate the antilithogenic effect of a combination of dietary fenugreek seeds and onion (Reddy and Srinivasan, 2011c)....
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...An animal study has evaluated the effect of dietary fenugreek on the compositional changes in the bile, particularly effect on glycoproteins, low molecular weight and high molecular weight proteins, cholesterol nucleation time, and cholesterol crystal growth (Reddy and Srinivasan, 2011b)....
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...There was also no additive effect of the two spices in the recovery of antioxidant molecules or in the antioxidant enzyme activities (Reddy and Srinivasan, 2011c)....
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...Cholesterol saturation index of bile was significantly reduced by the combination of fenugreek and onion (Reddy and Srinivasan, 2011c)....
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...Incorporation of fenugreek into the lithogenic diet also prolonged the cholesterol nucleation time, reduced the vesicular form of cholesterol (65% decrease), which was accompanied with an increase in the smaller vesicular form (Reddy and Srinivasan, 2011b)....
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TL;DR: M. uniflorum seed exerted antilithogenic influence by decreasing the cholesterol hyper-secretion into bile and increasing the bile acid output, thus decreasing the formation of LG bile in mice, which reduced papillary proliferation of gallbladder and fatty degeneration of the liver.
Abstract: Background: The seeds of Macrotyloma uniflorum Lam. (Family Fabaceae) contain extractable total and tannins with reported hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant activity. In this study, dietary M. uniflorum seed, methanolic and acetone extracts (ME and AE) were examined for their bile-antilithogenic potential. Materials and Methods: Mice fed with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid lithogenic (LG) diet for 8 weeks resulted in cholesterol super saturation in gallbladder bile, which promotes the formation of cholesterol gallstones (CGSs). Results: AE reduced the CGS incidence by 60.21%, and serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), very low density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL compared to control animals. Seed extracts at 300 mg/kg dose markedly reduced biliary cholesterol (BC) and decreased bile salt content. The ratio of BC to phospholipid which was 2.64 in the LG diet group was reduced to 1.57-1.35 in the M. uniflorum seed extracts treated groups. Liver cholesterol and TG were decreased significantly by feeding of ME and AE at 300 mg/kg dose. AE significantly reversed the changes in apolipoproteins A-I and C-II level disturbed by LG diet. Conclusions: M. uniflorum seed exerted antilithogenic influence by decreasing the cholesterol hyper-secretion into bile and increasing the bile acid output, thus decreasing the formation of LG bile in mice. The effect was maximum in the AE as it also reduced papillary proliferation of gallbladder and fatty degeneration of the liver. The potential antilithogenic effect of the AE of M. uniflorum may be due to antioxidant property of its rich total polyphenol and tannins content.
17 citations
Cites background from "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant ef..."
...[16] Reddy and Shrinivasan[60] reported that dietary fenugreek seeds lower the incidence of CGS in high‐cholesterol fed mice and also regress pre‐established CGS suggesting its hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential....
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