Herbivory in global climate change research: direct effects of rising temperature on insect herbivores
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...Since the early part of the twentieth century, researchers have documented the sensitivity of insects to spring and summer temperatures (Bale et al. 2002, Dennis 1993, Uvarov 1931)....
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...…report phenological changes as a separate category from changes in species’ distributions, but these two phenomena interplay with each other and with other factors, such as photoperiod, to ultimately determine how climate change affects each species (Bale et al. 2002, Chuine & Beaubien 2001)....
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...There is no doubt that climate plays a major role in limiting terrestrial species’ ranges (Andrewartha & Birch 1954; Bale et al. 2002; Parmesan et al. 2000, 2005; Precht et al. 1973; Webb & Bartlein 1992; Weiser 1973; Woodward 1987)....
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5,811 citations
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...…temperatures can accelerate insect development and reproduction, increasing infestation pressure directly (e.g., Wermelinger and Seifert, 1999; Bale et al., 2002; Caldeira et al., 2002; Gan, 2004), while at the same time heat-induced drought stress may reduce tree vigor and increase host…...
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...For example, increasing temperatures are known to facilitate pathogen spread (Bale et al., 2002; Luck et al., 2011; Madgwick et al., 2011; Nicol et al., 2011)....
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References
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"Herbivory in global climate change ..." refers background in this paper
...Climate change is occurring (Houghton et al. 1996, 2001)....
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"Herbivory in global climate change ..." refers background in this paper
...Many of these species will expand their geographical ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes, as has already been observed in a number of common butter¯y species (Pollard et al. 1995; Hill et al. 1999; Parmesan et al. 1999)....
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