Journal Article•
Herbs and herbal constituents active against snake bite.
TL;DR: The present review has been focussed on the varied folk and traditional herbs and their antisnake venom compounds, which might be a stepping stone in establishing the future therapy against snake bite treatment and management.
Abstract: Snake bite, a major socio-medical problem of south east asian countries is still depending on the usage of antisera as the one and only source of treatment, which has its own limitations. In India, mostly in rural areas, health centres are inadequate and the snake bite victims mostly depend on traditional healers and herbal antidotes, as an alternative treatment. The present review has been focussed on the varied folk and traditional herbs and their antisnake venom compounds, which might be a stepping stone in establishing the future therapy against snake bite treatment and management.
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TL;DR: Methanolic extract of T. pallida leaf is a potential source of natural antioxidants and serves as an effective free radical scavenger and/or inhibitor and might be a good plant-based pharmaceutical product for several diseases caused by free radicals.
Abstract: In humans, many diseases are associated with the accumulation of free radicals. Antioxidants can scavenge free radicals and minimize their impact. Therefore, the search for naturally occurring antioxidants of plant origin is imperative. Here, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of methanolic extracts from Tabebuia pallida (T. pallida) stem bark (TPSB), root bark (TPRB), leaves (TPL), and flowers (TPF). The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity were determined by several standard methods using spectrophotomer. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay methods, respectively. Among the extracts, TPL showed the highest total antioxidant capacity followed by TPRB, TPF, and TPSB. Based on DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, TPL showed strong scavenging activity (91.05 ± 1.10 and 62.00 ± 0.57) with IC50 of 9.20 ± 0.28 and 46.00 ± 2.84 μg/mL, respectively when compared with standard BHT (IC50 of 7.00 ± 0.25 μg/mL) and CA (75.00 ± 0.14 μg/mL). These results suggest that TPL had the highest radical scavenging activity among the extractives that closely resembled the standard’s. In lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, TPL exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (83.18 ± 2.12 %) with IC50 of 12.00 ± 2.12 μg/mL, which closely resembled standard CA (IC50 of 10.50 ± 0.28 μg/mL). Also, the reducing capacity on ferrous ion was in the following order: TPL > TPRB > TF > TPSB. The phenolic and flavonoid contents of TPL were higher than other extractives. A positive correlation (p value <0.001) was observed between phenolic content and free radical (DPPH· and ·OH) scavenging efficiencies and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. Methanolic extract of T. pallida leaf is a potential source of natural antioxidants and serves as an effective free radical scavenger and/or inhibitor. Hence, T. pallida might be a good plant-based pharmaceutical product for several diseases caused by free radicals.
281 citations
Cites methods from "Herbs and herbal constituents activ..."
...avellanedae is used in the treatment of snake bites [10, 16]....
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TL;DR: A uniform system of classification of the pattern of neuromuscular weakness and models for predicting type of toxicity and development of respiratory weakness are still lacking, and would greatly aid clinical decision making and future research.
Abstract: Snakebite is classified by the WHO as a neglected tropical disease. Envenoming is a significant public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions. Neurotoxicity is a key feature of some envenomings, and there are many unanswered questions regarding this manifestation. Acute neuromuscular weakness with respiratory involvement is the most clinically important neurotoxic effect. Data is limited on the many other acute neurotoxic manifestations, and especially delayed neurotoxicity. Symptom evolution and recovery, patterns of weakness, respiratory involvement, and response to antivenom and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are variable, and seem to depend on the snake species, type of neurotoxicity, and geographical variations. Recent data have challenged the traditional concepts of neurotoxicity in snake envenoming, and highlight the rich diversity of snake neurotoxins. A uniform system of classification of the pattern of neuromuscular weakness and models for predicting type of toxicity and development of respiratory weakness are still lacking, and would greatly aid clinical decision making and future research. This review attempts to update the reader on the current state of knowledge regarding this important issue.
163 citations
TL;DR: This review aims to provide systematically reorganized information on distributions, botanical characteristics, ethnopharmacology, chemical constituents, qualitative and quantitative analysis, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of Achyranthes species to support their therapeutic potential.
80 citations
Cites background from "Herbs and herbal constituents activ..."
...A. bidentata was also widely used in clinic for childbirth and induced abortion in 1970s in China (Guo et al., 1997)....
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...Another in vivo investigation has shown that A. bidentata saponins exhibited obvious excitatory effects on different animals’ uteri under different physiological conditions (Guo et al., 1997)....
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TL;DR: The present review provides an updated scenario and insights into future research aiming at validation of medicinal plants as antiophidic agents and strengthens the potentiality of ethnopharmacology as a tool for design of potent inhibitors and/or development of herbal medicines against venom toxins, especially local tissue damage.
Abstract: Snakebites are a serious problem in public health due to their high morbimortality. Most of snake venoms produce intense local tissue damage, which could lead to temporary or permanent disability in victims. The available specific treatment is the antivenom serum therapy, whose effectiveness is reduced against these effects. Thus, the search for complementary alternatives for snakebite treatment is relevant. There are several reports of the popular use of medicinal plants against snakebites worldwide. In recent years, many studies have been published giving pharmacological evidence of benefits of several vegetal species against local effects induced by a broad range of snake venoms, including inhibitory potential against hyaluronidase, phospholipase, proteolytic, hemorrhagic, myotoxic, and edematogenic activities. In this context, this review aimed to provide an updated overview of medicinal plants used popularly as antiophidic agents and discuss the main species with pharmacological studies supporting the uses, with emphasis on plants inhibiting local effects of snake envenomation. The present review provides an updated scenario and insights into future research aiming at validation of medicinal plants as antiophidic agents and strengthens the potentiality of ethnopharmacology as a tool for design of potent inhibitors and/or development of herbal medicines against venom toxins, especially local tissue damage.
58 citations
Cites background from "Herbs and herbal constituents activ..."
...According to literature, interestingly, there are some plants in which the crude extract is more active than the isolated constituents [15], which supports the hypothesis of the synergistic action of plant components....
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...The use of medicinal plants may present several advantages, such as low cost, being easily available, being stable at room temperature, and possibility of neutralization of a wide range of venomcomponents [15]....
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...Snakes from Crotalus durissus complex, popularly known as rattlesnakes, are dispersed northward into North America and southward into South America....
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...In addition, sincemedicinal plants are an extremely complex mixture, it is possible that there may be a synergistic action of different compounds in plant, acting in distinct targets, inhibiting a broad spectrum of venom toxins [12, 15]....
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...There are several reports of the popular use of medicinal plants against snakebites around the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions such as Asia, Africa, and South America [14, 15]....
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TL;DR: Different explants were good source of callus induction, morphology analysis as well as indirect plantlets regeneration and in vitro plantlets propagation from medicinally important plant Achyranthes aspera L.
Abstract: Objective
To study callus induction from different explants (internode, leaf, root) and in vitro plantlets propagation from medicinally important plant Achyranthes aspera L.
58 citations
Cites background from "Herbs and herbal constituents activ..."
...Along with the utilization in traditional medicine by local practitioners and healers, this plant also reportedly showed diverse pharmacological properties including antimicrobial[3,4], lavicidal, anti cancer, antipyretic, cardiovascular agent, immunostimulant, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, anti asthmatic, anti obesity, anti snake venom, anti plant pathogen, anti-depressant, anti-dandruff, anthelmintic, and wound healing[1,5-12]....
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References
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01 Jul 1991
TL;DR: A large number of plants are used in traditional medical practices, and have been for more than 3000 years, such as in Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine, Unani Medicine, etc., most of which probably exert therapeutic effects and would be proven as such if they were properly evaluated by Western standards.
Abstract: Introduction Ancient Man is known to have utilized plants as drugs for millennia. Based on current knowledge, at least in the West, we know that extracts of some of these plants are useful in a crude form, i.e. Atropa belladonna Tincture as an antispasmodic, Rauvolfia serpentina roots for hypertension and as a tranquilizer, Papaver somniferum extract or tincture as an analgesic, etc. Further, we know that at least 121 chemical substances of known structure are still extracted from plants that are useful as drugs throughout the world (Anon, 1982a). A large number of plants are used in traditional medical practices, and have been for more than 3000 years, such as in Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine, Unani Medicine, etc., most of which probably exert therapeutic effects and would be proven as such if they were properly evaluated by Western standards. Still further, plants have been employed for centuries by primitive cultures; most of these are less likely to pass the test of modern experimental verification of efficacy. Finally, there are a large number of so-called herbal remedies, mainly sold in health food stores in developed countries, many of which remain to be verified for their real therapeutic effects. Several years ago the World Health Organization made an attempt to identify all medicinal plants that exist in the world. It was admitted that the compilation of names of medicinal plants undoubtedly contained many replicates since botanical verification was not attempted. Further, the list only provided Latin binomials and the countries where the plants were used, but excluded data indicating what the plants were used for. More than 20,000 species were included on this list.
378 citations
TL;DR: From the evidence presented, it can be inferred that micromolecules which neutralize the action of snake venoms mechanistically replace endogenous antitoxic serum proteins with venom neutralizing capacity such as produced by some animals.
325 citations
TL;DR: Protective activity of plants-Aristolochia indica, Hemidesmus indicus, Gloriosa superba, Strychnos nux-vomica, Eclipta prostrata, and Andrographis paniculata against the lethal action of snake venom and need further investigation.
271 citations
TL;DR: Aristolochic acid, an alkaloid from the medicinal plant Aristolochia radix, interacts with these PLA2 enzymes and inhibits direct and indirect hemolytic activity, as well as edema-inducing activity, of TFV PL-X, but fails to neutralize the lethal potency of the enzyme.
223 citations
TL;DR: The methanolic root extracts of Vitex negundo Linn.
221 citations