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Heterogeneous catalysis in industrial practice
01 Jan 1991-
TL;DR: In this article, the use of solid catalysts and catalytic reactions in large-scale industrial operations is discussed in terms of chemistry, kinetics and engineering of heterogeneous catalysis, listing applications to procedures and processes in the lab, pilot plant and commercial setting.
Abstract: This second edition is aims to reflect new developments in theory and in commercial application. The guide focuses on the use of solid catalysts and catalytic reactions in large-scale industrial operations. The author provides explanations of the chemistry, kinetics and engineering of heterogeneous catalysis, listing applications to procedures and processes in the lab, pilot plant and commercial setting. Throughout, the emphasis is on workable solutions to real problems.
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TL;DR: In this article, the analysis of various parameters of metal oxides and the search of criteria, which could be used during material selection for solid-state gas sensor applications, were the main objectives of this review.
Abstract: The analysis of various parameters of metal oxides and the search of criteria, which could be used during material selection for solid-state gas sensor applications, were the main objectives of this review. For these purposes the correlation between electro-physical (band gap, electroconductivity, type of conductivity, oxygen diffusion), thermodynamic, surface, electronic, structural properties, catalytic activity and gas-sensing characteristics of metal oxides designed for solid-state sensors was established. It has been discussed the role of metal oxide manufacturability, chemical activity, and parameter's stability in sensing material choice as well.
1,334 citations
TL;DR: Analyses of developments in methanol steam reforming in the context of PEM fuel cell power systems and reactor and system development and demonstration.
Abstract: Review article covering developments in methanol steam reforming in the context of PEM fuel cell power systems. Subjects covered include methanol background, use, and production, comparison to other fuels, power system considerations, militrary requirements, competing technologies, catalyst development, and reactor and system development and demonstration.
874 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the work carried out in characterizing, developing, and understanding this catalyst technology for application in mobile exhaust gas aftertreatment, which includes five general steps involved in NOx reduction to N2 on NSR catalysts; NO oxidation, NO2 and NO sorption leading to nitrite and nitrate species.
Abstract: Over the last several years, nitrogen oxide(s) (NOx) storage/reduction (NSR) catalysts, also referred to as NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps, have been developed as an aftertreatment technology to reduce NOx emissions from lean‐burn power sources. NSR operation is cyclic: during the lean part of the cycle, NOx are trapped on the catalyst; intermittent rich excursions are used to reduce the NOx to N2 and restore the original catalyst surface; and lean operation then resumes. This review will describe the work carried out in characterizing, developing, and understanding this catalyst technology for application in mobile exhaust‐gas aftertreatment. The discussion will first encompass the reaction process fundamentals, which include five general steps involved in NOx reduction to N2 on NSR catalysts; NO oxidation, NO2 and NO sorption leading to nitrite and nitrate species, reductant evolution, NOx release, and finally NOx reduction to N2. Major unresolved issues and questions are listed at the end of ...
846 citations
TL;DR: This study examines the inhibition of seven cellulase preparations, three xylanase preparations and a beta-glucosidase preparation by two purified, particulate lignin preparations derived from softwood using an organosolv pretreatment process followed by enzymatic hydrolysis.
678 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes different catalytic options for the production of syngas and hydrogen starting from simple hydrogen-containing molecules, focusing on new direct catalytic alternatives in natural gas conversion.
Abstract: This review summarizes different catalytic options for the production of syngas and hydrogen starting from simple hydrogen-containing molecules. Particular attention is given to new direct catalytic alternatives in natural gas conversion. Improvements in syngas technology are discussed, including partial oxidation, autothermal reforming, combined reforming and carbon dioxide reforming, and the energy efficiencies of direct and indirect methane conversion are compared. Processes, issues and practical difficulties are discussed with academic and applied efforts presented in parallel. It is emphasized that most of the ongoing research related to the direct processes is at the exploratory stage while technology utilizing indirect approach has advanced to semi-works and initial commercialization plants. The new emerging processes based on partial oxidation features are unique for syngas generation. Further enhancement of such processes plus improvements in other second generation technologies and advances in direct processes are anticipated to provide additional, new attractive paths to the chemical conversion of natural gas. Similarly, on board generation of hydrogen-rich gaseous fuels either for spark ignition engines or for coupled-fuel-cells electric engines is discussed within the scope of both partial oxidation and catalytic decomposition of methanol. A concept based in the thermochemical water splitting, which provides a renewable portable fuel from water in the form of H2, is also presented. Above all, as the chemistry involved in most of these catalytic alternatives takes place under extreme conditions, highly stable catalysts and engineering concepts are being developed.
660 citations