High frequency noise power spectrum, impedance and transmission loss of power line in Japan on intrabuilding power line communications
TL;DR: In this article, a communication system for small-scale local area networks using the power transmission line is discussed, where both narrowband and wideband data transmission are considered, and power line communication by a single-sideband system is possible using a wide frequency band up to 100 MHz.
Abstract: A communication system for small-scale local area networks using the power transmission line is discussed. With this application in mind and noise power spectrum of a power line at 10 kHz-100 MHz and the impedance characteristics and transmission loss of a power line in the high frequency band (10 kHz-20 MHz) have been measured. Both narrowband and wideband data transmission are considered. The transmission loss of the power line increases with frequency, whereas the intensity of the noise power spectrum decreases rapidly. This means that power line communication by a single-sideband system is possible using a wide frequency band up to 100 MHz. However, the noise, impedance, and transmission characteristics vary greatly with frequency, so special considerations such as line impedance stabilization networks and other techniques are necessary. >
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TL;DR: A statistical model of the time behavior of random impulsive noise based on a partitioned Markov chain is developed, which is suitable for implementation in computer-based communication system simulations.
Abstract: Contrary to many other communication channels, the powerline channel does not represent an additive white Gaussian noise environment. In the frequency range from several hundred kilohertz up to 20 MHz, it is mostly dominated by narrow-band interference and impulsive noise. In particular, the impulsive noise introduces significant time variance into the powerline channel. Spectral analysis and time-domain analysis of impulsive noise give some figures of the power spectral density as well as distributions of amplitude, impulse width, and "interarrival" times in typical powerline scenarios. Furthermore, the impulse rate and the disturbance ratio of the scenarios are examined. Finally, a statistical model of the time behavior of random impulsive noise based on a partitioned Markov chain is developed, which is suitable for implementation in computer-based communication system simulations.
965 citations
Cites background from "High frequency noise power spectrum..."
...Investigations of interference in the HF range above 1 MHz have mostly been restricted to static spectral analysis of background noise [4], [7], [ 18 ]....
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...[ 18 ] G. Manara, M. Bandinelli, and A. Monorchio, “Electromagnetic pene-...
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TL;DR: Transmission issues on the power line are investigated and modeling approaches illustrated, and market perspectives and promising applications are covered to assess the viability of this communications environment.
Abstract: This article constitutes an overview of the research, application, and regulatory activities on power line communications. Transmission issues on the power line are investigated and modeling approaches illustrated. Contemporary communication techniques and reliability issues are treated. A description of regulatory activities worldwide is given. Finally, market perspectives and promising applications are covered to assess the viability of this communications environment.
471 citations
Patent•
14 Aug 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a system for operating a power line communications system that is comprised of a plurality of network elements, which may take the form of repeaters, bypass devices, backhaul devices, wireless backhaul device, enhanced bypass device, communication interface devices and others.
Abstract: The present invention provides a system for operating a power line communications system that is comprised of a plurality of network elements, which may take the form of repeaters, bypass devices, backhaul devices, wireless backhaul devices, enhanced bypass device, communication interface devices and others. In one embodiment, two groups of network elements in the same electrical distribution system are isolated except selected communication link.
414 citations
Patent•
10 Mar 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a device for providing communications through power lines that are communicatively coupled to an electrical distribution network infrastructure and to the internal wiring of at least one customer premises having one or more communication devices therein is provided.
Abstract: A device for providing communications through power lines that are communicatively coupled to an electrical distribution network infrastructure and to the internal wiring of at least one customer premises having one or more communication devices therein is provided. One embodiment comprises a coupler configured to be coupled to the electrical distribution network infrastructure, a modem in communication with the coupler to communicate data through the power lines; and a wireless transceiver in communication with said modem. In some embodiments, the electrical distribution network infrastructure may be a structure that uses electricity, such as a street light.
398 citations
Patent•
26 Sep 2005
TL;DR: A serial intelligent cell (SIC) and a connection topology for local area networks using Electrically-conducting media are presented in this paper. But, unlike current bus topology and star topology, there is no fundamental limit on the size or extent of a SIC network.
Abstract: A serial intelligent cell (SIC) and a connection topology for local area networks using Electrically-conducting media. A local area network can be configured from a plurality of SIC's interconnected so that all communications between two adjacent SIC's is both point-to-point and bidirectional. Each SIC can be connected to one or more other SIC's to allow redundant communication paths. Communications in different areas of a SIC network are independent of one another, so that, unlike current bus topology and star topology, there is no fundamental limit on the size or extent of a SIC network. Each SIC can optionally be connected to one or more data terminals, computers, telephones, sensors, actuators, etc., to facilitate interconnectivity among such devices. Networks according to the present invention can be configured for a variety of applications, including a local telephone system, remote computer bus extender, multiplexers, PABX/PBX functionality, security systems, and local broadcasting services. The network can use dedicated wiring, as well as existing wiring as the in-house telephone or electrical wiring.
315 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present intrabuilding signal attenuation measurements taken from five different buildings, covering the range 20-240 kHz and include transmissions across power phases, and the results clearly indicate that power line attenuation is highly variable and unpredictable, is variable with communication signal frequency, and is not easily modeled mathematically.
Abstract: The use of electric-power-distribution circuits for intrabuilding communications is ol continued and growing interest. The purpose of this paper is to present intrabuilding signal attenuation measurements taken from five different buildings. The measurements cover the range 20-240 kHz and include transmissions across power phases. The measurements complement earlier measurements by others of power-line impedance and noise. Impedance, attenuation, and noise characterize any communication channel and are needed for design of communication signaling formats, error-control codes, and communication protocols. Except over short distances, attenuation normally exceeds 20 dB, and can be much higher. The attenuation which occurs when the transmitter and receiver use different power-line phases is not always larger than when both are on the same phase. Narrow-band frequency-selective fades can occur and change as network loading changes, and can also exhibit periodic time dependence. Loading, which is time varying, greatly affects signal attenuation between network nodes. The results clearly indicate that power-line signal attenuation is highly variable and unpredictable, is variable with communication signal frequency, and is not easily modeled mathematically. The implications of our results for intrabuilding communications on power-distribution circuits are discussed.
119 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: In this article, the impedance measurements were made of 60Hz commercial ac power sources throughout the LF-HF frequency spectrum and compared to the impedance presented by a typical 5-?H line impedance stabilization network.
Abstract: Impedance measurements were made of 60-Hz commercial ac power sources throughout the LF-HF frequency spectrum and compared to the impedance presented by a typical 5-?H line impedance stabilization network. The results are presented in graphical and tabular form.
92 citations
TL;DR: This paper considers communication of data and analog message signals over electric power distribution circuits for such applications, using pseudonoise (PN) modulation, and prototype modem circuitry costing less than $30.00 is described.
Abstract: Localized communication networks for office automation, security monitoring, environmental management of buildings, computer communications, and other applications enjoy every increasing demand. This paper considers communication of data and analog message signals over electric power distribution circuits for such applications, using pseudonoise (PN) modulation. Advantages of power distribution circuits include reasonably universal coverage and easy access via a standard wall plug. Disadvantages include limited communication bandwidth, relatively high noise levels, and varying levels of impedance, noise, and attenuation. PN (spread-spectrum) signaling provides immunity to narrow-band signal impairments and casual eavesdropping, multiplexing capability, addressing capability, and easily implemented error rate versus data rate tradeoffs. The primary disadvantage is synchronization delay and hardware cost normally associated with PN code synchronization at the receiver. Our prototype modem avoids these difficulties by using the 60 Hz power line frequency for carrier, code, and data-bit synchronization. Design issues discussed include processing gain optimization, modem impedance specification, carrier frequency selection, and PN code selection. Prototype modem circuitry costing less than $30.00 is described. Measurements on actual power distribution circuits indicate a bit-error probability p = 10^{-4} or less at data rate R_{B} = 6 kbits/s for single users or at R_{B} = 60 bits/s for M \simeq 22 simultaneous users. Performance calculations for analog message signals are included.
72 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: The results of a recent survey of power line noise levels at a number of locations, ranging from an urban business office to a rural farm, are given in this article, where the results of the survey are presented.
Abstract: The results of a recent survey of power line noise levels at a number of locations-ranging from an urban business office to a rural farm-are given.
33 citations
TL;DR: A new protocol for carrier current networking systems utilizing an active repeater which has proven to be extremely reliable in energy management systems shows even greater promise for use in consumer applications as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A new protocol for carrier current networking systems utilizing an active repeater which has proven to be extremely reliable in energy management systems shows even greater promise for use in consumer applications.
10 citations