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Journal ArticleDOI

High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches

19 Jan 2009-Journal of Sports Sciences (Taylor & Francis)-Vol. 27, Iss: 2, pp 159-168
TL;DR: The results suggest that high-intensity running with and without ball possession is reduced during various phases of elite-standard soccer matches and the activity profiles and fatigue patterns vary among playing positions.
Abstract: The aims of this study were to (1) determine the activity profiles of a large sample of English FA Premier League soccer players and (2) examine high-intensity running during elite-standard soccer matches for players in various playing positions. Twenty-eight English FA Premier League games were analysed during the 2005–2006 competitive season (n = 370), using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. During a typical match, wide midfielders (3138 m, s = 565) covered a greater distance in high-intensity running than central midfielders (2825 m, s = 473, P = 0.04), full-backs (2605 m, s = 387, P < 0.01), attackers (2341 m, s = 575, P < 0.01), and central defenders (1834 m, s = 256, P < 0.01). In the last 15 min of a game, high-intensity running distance was ∼20% less than in the first 15-min period for wide midfielders (467 m, s = 104 vs. 589 m, s = 134, P < 0.01), central midfielders (429 m, s = 106 vs. 534 m, s = 99, P < 0.01), full-backs (389 m, s = 95 vs. 481 m, s = 114, P < 0.01), attacker...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Newer GPS may provide an acceptable tool for the measurement of constant velocity, acceleration, and deceleration during straight-line running and have sufficient sensitivity for detecting changes in performance in team sport, but researchers must account for the inherent match-to-match variation reported when using these devices.
Abstract: In this study, we assessed the validity and reliability of 5 and 10 Hz global positioning systems (GPS) for measuring instantaneous velocity during acceleration, deceleration, and constant velocity while straight-line running. Three participants performed 80 running trials while wearing two GPS units each (5 Hz, V2.0 and 10 Hz, V4.0; MinimaxX, Catapult Innovations, Scoresby, VIC, Australia). The criterion measure used to assess GPS validity was instantaneous velocity recorded using a tripod-mounted laser. Validity was established using the standard error of the estimate (±90% confidence limits). Reliability was determined using typical error (±90% confidence limits, expressed as coefficient of variation) and Pearson's correlation. The 10 Hz GPS devices were two to three times more accurate than the 5 Hz devices when compared with a criterion value for instantaneous velocity during tasks completed at a range of velocities (coefficient of variation 3.1–11.3%). Similarly, the 10 Hz GPS units were up...

568 citations


Cites background from "High-intensity running in English F..."

  • ...Incidentally, similar top speeds have been reported in team sport athletes, including elite soccer players (*7.6 m s71; Bradley et al., 2009) and Australian footballers (*8.6 m s71; Young et al., 2008)....

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  • ...Incidentally, similar top speeds have been reported in team sport athletes, including elite soccer players (*7.6 m s(71); Bradley et al., 2009) and Australian footballers (*8....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study examined the evolution of physical and technical soccer performance across a 7-season period in the English Premier League, and could be used to aid talent identification, training and conditioning preparation.
Abstract: This study examined the evolution of physical and technical soccer performance across a 7-season period in the English Premier League. Match performance observations (n=14 700) were analysed for emergent trends. Total distance covered during a match was ~2% lower in 2006–07 compared to 2012–13. Across 7 seasons, high-intensity running distance and actions increased by ~30% (890±299 vs. 1 151±337 m, p 0.6), the number of long passes varied little (p

519 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current GPS systems maybe limited for assessment of short, high speed straight line running and efforts involving change of direction, but an increased sample rate improves validity and reliability of GPS devices.
Abstract: Purpose: To assess the validity and reliability of distance data measured by global positioning system (GPS) units sampling at 1 and 5 Hz during movement patterns common to team sports. Methods: Twenty elite Australian Football players each wearing two GPS devices (MinimaxX, Catapult, Australia) completed straight line movements (10, 20, 40 m) at various speeds (walk, jog, stride, sprint), changes of direction (COD) courses of two different frequencies (gradual and tight), and a team sport running simulation circuit. Position and speed data were collected by the GPS devices at 1 and 5 Hz. Distance validity was assessed using the standard error of the estimate (±90% confidence intervals [CI]). Reliability was estimated using typical error (TE) ± 90% CI (expressed as coefficient of variation [CV]). Results: Measurement accuracy decreased as speed of locomotion increased in both straight line and the COD courses. Difference between criterion and GPS measured distance ranged from 9.0% to 32.4%. A higher sampling rate improved validity regardless of distance and locomotion in the straight line, COD and simulated running circuit trials. The reliability improved as distance traveled increased but decreased as speed increased. Total distance over the simulated running circuit exhibited the lowest variation (CV 3.6%) while sprinting over 10 m demonstrated the highest (CV 77.2% at 1 Hz). Conclusion: Current GPS systems maybe limited for assessment of short, high speed straight line running and efforts involving change of direction. An increased sample rate improves validity and reliability of GPS devices.

381 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that high-intensity running is reduced during various periods of elite soccer matches, and high- intensity activity profiles and fatigue patterns are similar between international and elite domestic players but vary markedly between playing positions.
Abstract: The aims of the study were to (a) determine the high-intensity activity patterns of soccer players at different performance levels and playing positions, (b) investigate temporary and end game fatigue in elite domestic and international soccer matches, and (c) quantify acceleration and maximal running speed profiles of elite soccer players. Elite domestic (n = 100) and international (n = 10) soccer players were analyzed using a multicamera computerized tracking system. No differences were found for high-intensity running distance (2,520 +/- 678 vs. 2,745 +/- 332 m), mean recovery time (67 +/- 15 vs. 71 +/- 26 seconds), or maximal running speed (7.76 +/- 0.31 vs. 7.66 +/- 0.34 mxs-1). The distance covered in high-intensity running irrespective of playing level was 18% lower (p < 0.05) in the last than in the first 15-minute period of the game (391 +/- 117 vs. 478 +/- 141 m). The decline in high-intensity running immediately after the most intense 5-minute period was similar between international (222 +/- 33 vs. 109 +/- 37 m or 51% decline) and elite domestic (243 +/- 81 vs. 114 +/- 51 m or 53% decline) players. Wide midfielders, central midfielders, fullbacks, and attackers covered a greater (p < 0.01) distance in high-intensity running than central defenders (3,243 +/- 625, 2,949 +/- 435, 2,806 +/- 408, 2,618 +/- 745 vs. 2,034 +/- 284 m). Results demonstrate that high-intensity running is reduced during various periods of elite soccer matches, and high-intensity activity profiles and fatigue patterns are similar between international and elite domestic players but vary markedly between playing positions. These data provide valuable information to the fitness coach regarding the high-intensity active profile of elite soccer players that could be used to develop soccer-specific training drills.

370 citations


Cites background or methods or result from "High-intensity running in English F..."

  • ...The speed thresholds for each category are similar to that reported by previous authors (8,17,19)....

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  • ...The;50% decline found for high-intensity running after the most intense period for elite soccer players was strikingly similar to elite domestic Italian (17) and English league players (8)....

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  • ...(8) reported 28% longer recovery times from the first to the last 15-minute period compared with 17% longer recovery times in this study....

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  • ...A n analysis of movement patterns during match play is a useful method for quantifying the physical demands of soccer (6,8)....

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  • ...These reliability values are similar to those previously reported for the same multicamera computerized match analysis system (8)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared match performance in professional soccer players across two major European championships: Spanish La Liga and English FA Premier League (FAPL) using a computerized match analysis system.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare match performance in professional soccer players across two major European championships: Spanish La Liga and English FA Premier League (FAPL). Data were collected using a computerized match analysis system. A total of 5938 analyses were recorded during the 2006–2007 season. The players were classified into six positional roles: central defenders, full backs, central defensive midfielders, wide midfielders, central attacking midfielders, and forwards. The match performance variables analysed included: (i) physical activity – total distance covered, distances covered at high-intensities both with and without possession of the ball; (ii) technical actions – heading and ground duels, passing, time in possession, and ball touches. Comparison of the total distance covered by FAPL and La Liga players showed no difference across individual playing positions but FAPL players generally covered greater distances in sprinting. In contrast, more of the total distance in s...

340 citations


Cites background or methods or result from "High-intensity running in English F..."

  • ...…accounted for 3.9% and 5.3% of the total distance covered respectively, whereas in other professional leagues the high-intensity activity profile of players during match-play ranges from 6.1% to 13.5% of total distance covered (Barros et al., 2007; Bradley et al., 2009; Rampinini et al., 2007)....

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  • ...Similar distances covered in high-intensity efforts were observed in FAPL players and their equivalents in the Italian and Spanish leagues (Bradley et al., 2009; Rampinini et al., 2007)....

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  • ...This result is in contrast with the observations of Bradley et al. (2009) when comparing their results in FAPL players with those from studies on other elite playing populations....

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  • ...In terms of high-intensity efforts, wide midfielders cover more distance and have less recovery time between these efforts compared with the other positions (Bradley et al., 2009; Di Salvo et al., 2009)....

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  • ...The subjective estimation methods used to analyse movement in professional soccer match-play are being replaced by semi-automatic computerized player tracking technologies (Barros et al., 2007; Bradley et al., 2009: Di Salvo, Gregson, Atkinson, Tordoff, & Drust, 2009)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is recommended that sports clinicians and researchers should cite and interpret a number of statistical methods for assessing reliability and encourage the inclusion of the LOA method, especially the exploration of heteroscedasticity that is inherent in this analysis.
Abstract: Minimal measurement error (reliability) during the collection of interval- and ratio-type data is critically important to sports medicine research. The main components of measurement error are systematic bias (e.g. general learning or fatigue effects on the tests) and random error due to biological or mechanical variation. Both error components should be meaningfully quantified for the sports physician to relate the described error to judgements regarding ‘analytical goals’ (the requirements of the measurement tool for effective practical use) rather than the statistical significance of any reliability indicators.

3,284 citations


"High-intensity running in English F..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Two trained observers tracked each player on two separate occasions, interspersed by 7 days, and coefficients of variation were determined to assess reliability (Atkinson & Nevill, 1998 )....

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  • ...Two trained observers tracked each player on two separate occasions, interspersed by 7 days, and coefficients of variation were determined to assess reliability (Atkinson & Nevill, 1998)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Top-class soccer players performed more high-intensity running during a game and were better at the Yo-Yo test than moderate professional players; fatigue occurred towards the end of matches as well as temporarily during the game, independently of competitive standard and of team position; defenders covered a shorter distance in high- intensity running than players in other playing positions.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess physical fitness, match performance and development of fatigue during competitive matches at two high standards of professional soccer. Computerized time-motion analyses were performed 2-7 times during the competitive season on 18 top-class and 24 moderate professional soccer players. In addition, the players performed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. The top-class players performed 28 and 58% more (P < 0.05) high-intensity running and sprinting, respectively, than the moderate players (2.43 +/- 0.14 vs 1.90 +/- 0.12 km and 0.65 +/- 0.06 vs 0.41 +/- 0.03 km, respectively). The top-class players were better (11%; P < 0.05) on the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test than the moderate players (2.26 +/- 0.08 vs 2.04 +/- 0.06 km, respectively). The amount of high-intensity running, independent of competitive standard and playing position, was lower (35-45%; P < 0.05) in the last than in the first 15 min of the game. After the 5-min period during which the amount of high-intensity running peaked, performance was reduced (P < 0.05) by 12% in the following 5 min compared with the game average. Substitute players (n = 13) covered 25% more (P < 0.05) ground during the final 15 min of high-intensity running than the other players. The coefficient of variation in high-intensity running was 9.2% between successive matches, whereas it was 24.8% between different stages of the season. Total distance covered and the distance covered in high-intensity running were higher (P < 0.05) for midfield players, full-backs and attackers than for defenders. Attackers and full-backs covered a greater (P < 0.05) distance in sprinting than midfield players and defenders. The midfield players and full-backs covered a greater (P < 0.05) distance than attackers and defenders in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (2.23 +/- 0.10 and 2.21 +/- 0.04 vs 1.99 +/- 0.11 and 1.91 +/- 0.12 km, respectively). The results show that: (1) top-class soccer players performed more high-intensity running during a game and were better at the Yo-Yo test than moderate professional players; (2) fatigue occurred towards the end of matches as well as temporarily during the game, independently of competitive standard and of team position; (3) defenders covered a shorter distance in high-intensity running than players in other playing positions; (4) defenders and attackers had a poorer Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance than midfielders and full-backs; and (5) large seasonal changes were observed in physical performance during matches.

1,859 citations


"High-intensity running in English F..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

  • ...Mohr et al. (2003) did not investigate the extent to which temporary and end-game fatigue occurred for players in various playing positions....

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  • ...…a study using a large sample of players could provide a more accurate depiction of the current demands of the elite-standard English League, since there is variability in movement patterns both among and within players according to match and playing position (Bangsbo, 1994; Mohr et al., 2003)....

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  • ...…1988), Canadian (Mayhew and Wenger, 1985), Danish (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Mohr, Krustrup, & Bangsbo, 2003), Swedish (Andersson, Ekblom, & Krustrup, 2007), Japanese (Ohashi, Togari, Isokawa, & Suzuki, 1988), Italian (Mohr et al., 2003), and Spanish League soccer players (Di Salvo et al., 2007)....

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  • ...Recent findings using computerised time–motion analysis of elite-standard Italian League soccer players demonstrated that high-intensity running was reduced towards the end of the game and temporarily after intense periods of the game (Mohr, Krustrup, & Bangsbo, 2003, 2005)....

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  • ...Mohr et al. (2003) showed that the amount of high-intensity running decreased after the most intense periods (suggesting a temporary form of fatigue) and decreased markedly towards the end of the game (suggesting a more permanent form of fatigue)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test was a valid measure of fitness performance in soccer and had a high reproducibility and sensitivity, allowing for detailed analysis of the physical capacity of athletes in intermittent sports.
Abstract: KRUSTRUP, P, M MOHR, T AMSTRUP, T RYSGAARD, J JOHANSEN, A STEENSBERG, P K PEDERSEN, and J BANGSBO The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test: Physiological Response, Reliability, and Validity Med Sci Sports Exerc, Vol 35, No 4, pp 697–705, 2003PurposeTo examine the physiological

1,175 citations


"High-intensity running in English F..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Some researchers have suggested that distances covered during high-intensity running in matches are valid measures of physical performance in soccer because of their strong relationship with training status (Krustrup et al , 2003 ; Krustrup, Mohr, Ellingsgaard, & Bangsbo, 2005 ) and are a distinguishing characteristic between different standards of player (Bangsbo et al , 1991 ; Mohr et al , 2003 )....

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  • ...…print/ISSN 1466-447X online 2009 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/02640410802512775 because of their strong relationship with training status (Krustrup et al., 2003; Krustrup, Mohr, Ellingsgaard, & Bangsbo, 2005) and are a distinguishing characteristic between different standards of player…...

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  • ...In support of this notion, attackers performed more poorly in the game-specific Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (IR) 1 and 2 (Krustrup et al., 2003, 2006)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper provides a detailed description of the demands placed on elite soccer players, according to their positional role at different work intensities, which may be helpful in the development of individualized training programs.
Abstract: The paper provides a large-scale study into the motion characteristics of top class soccer players, during match play, according to playing position. Three hundred top-class outfield soccer players were monitored during 20 Spanish Premier League and 10 Champions League games using a computerized match analysis system (Amisco Pro ® , Nice, France). Total distance covered in five selected categories of intensity, and the mean percentage of playing time spent in each activity were analyzed according to playing position. Midfield players covered a significantly greater total distance (p < 0.0001) than the groups of defenders and forwards did. Analyzing the different work rates showed significant differences (p < 0.5 – 0.0001) between the different playing positions. There were no significant differences between halves in the total distance covered, or in distances covered at submaximal and maximal intensities. However, significantly more distance was covered in the first half compared to the second in medium intensities (11.1 – 19 km/h). The current findings provide a detailed description of the demands placed on elite soccer players, according to their positional role at different work intensities, which may be helpful in the development of individualized training programs.

1,072 citations


"High-intensity running in English F..." refers methods or result in this paper

  • ...…1988), Canadian (Mayhew and Wenger, 1985), Danish (Bangsbo et al., 1991; Mohr, Krustrup, & Bangsbo, 2003), Swedish (Andersson, Ekblom, & Krustrup, 2007), Japanese (Ohashi, Togari, Isokawa, & Suzuki, 1988), Italian (Mohr et al., 2003), and Spanish League soccer players (Di Salvo et al., 2007)....

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  • ...The category for high-intensity running used in the present study (414.4 km h71) can be used for a direct comparison with recent studies using similar categories (415 km h71, Mohr et al., 2003; 414.1 km h71, Di Salvo et al., 2007)....

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  • ...Researchers have examined the activity patterns of Australian (Withers, Maricic, Wasilewski, & Kelly, 1982 ), Belgian (Van Gool, Van Gerven, & Boutmans, 1988 ), Canadian (Mayhew and Wenger, 1985 ), Danish (Bangsbo et al , 1991 ; Mohr, Krustrup, & Bangsbo, 2003 ), Swedish (Andersson, Ekblom, & Krustrup, 2007 ), Japanese (Ohashi, Togari, Isokawa, & Suzuki, 1988), Italian (Mohr et al, 2003 ), and Spanish League soccer players (Di Salvo et al , 2007 )....

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  • ...…the total distances covered in the modern elite-standard English League are much higher than 30 years ago (Reilly & Thomas, 1976), but also reveal that the amount of high-intensity running is similar to the Italian Serie A and the Spanish Primera Division (Di Salvo et al., 2007; Mohr et al., 2003)....

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Book
31 Dec 2003
TL;DR: The present thesis deals with the physiological demands of soccer, with a particular focus on the physiological response to repeated intense exercise, and performs physiological measurements in connection with soccer matches.
Abstract: The present thesis is based on 14 original articles published in international journals (I-XIV, see page 8) and a summarizing review. The thesis deals with the physiological demands of soccer, with a particular focus on the physiological response to repeated intense exercise. In chapter I the specific issues are presented and in chapter II the physiological demands in soccer are discussed based on the results of the studies performed. Chapter III contains a short survey of the experiments performed to study specifically muscle metabolism and muscle fatigue with repeated intense muscle contractions. With reference to the topics covered in chapters II and III, fatigue during a soccer match is discussed in chapter IV, and chapter V deals with applications for physical training in soccer. Measurements have been performed during soccer matches and training, as well as in experiments simulating the activities of a soccer match. The information obtained has been compared to results from studies of the physical capacity of top-class soccer players and from laboratory experiments aimed at investigating metabolism and fatigue in intermittent exercise. Studies with whole-body and single muscle group exercises have been performed, the latter mainly with the application of a knee-extension model. In the studies on isolated muscle groups, biopsies taken from exercising muscles as well as arterial and femoral venous blood samples have allowed for detailed analysis of muscle ionic transportation and metabolism. In addition, the magnetic resonance technique has been used for the continuous determination of changes in muscle metabolites and pH during intermittent exercise. Analysis of activities during soccer matches showed that a top-class soccer player covers an average distance of approximately 11 km during a match. The distance differs highly between players and is partly related to the position in a team. Midfield players run more at low speed than defenders and forwards, whereas no difference appears to exist between groups when comparing the distance covered at high speed. The distance covered at high speed is the same in the beginning as in the end of a match. The total distance covered by a player during a soccer match is only to a limited extent a measure of the physiological demands on the player during the match. In addition to running, a player is engaged in many other energy demanding activities, i.e. tackling, jumping, accelerating and turning. A more precise evaluation of the total energy demand during a soccer match may be achieved by performing physiological measurements in connection with soccer matches (I).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

1,071 citations


"High-intensity running in English F..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…a study using a large sample of players could provide a more accurate depiction of the current demands of the elite-standard English League, since there is variability in movement patterns both among and within players according to match and playing position (Bangsbo, 1994; Mohr et al., 2003)....

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  • ...Therefore, a study using a large sample of players could provide a more accurate depiction of the current demands of the elite-standard English League, since there is variability in movement patterns both among and within players according to match and playing position (Bangsbo, 1994; Mohr et al., 2003)....

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