High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Applications
27 Sep 2012-
TL;DR: In this paper, the major challenges for high performance polymer nanocompo‐ sites are to fabricate the polymer nanocomposites with low costs and to facilitate large scaleup for commercial applications.
Abstract: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of aromatic polyesters, widely used polyester resin in conventional industry because of its good mechanical properties, low cost, high transpar‐ ency, high processability, and moderate recyclability. Thus, PET holds a potential for indus‐ trial application, including industrial fibers, films, bottles, and engineering plastics [1–3]. In this regard, much research has been extensively performed to develop commercial applica‐ tion of aromatic polyesters or its composites, such a high performance polymer [4–11]. Al‐ though promising, however, insufficient mechanical properties and thermal stability of PET have hindered its practical application in a broad range of industry. From both an economic and industrial perspective, the major challenges for high performance polymer nanocompo‐ sites are to fabricate the polymer nanocomposites with low costs and to facilitate large scaleup for commercial applications.
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20 Jun 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic equation of non-isothermal crystamzation was derived by extending Avrami's equation to the nonisothermal situation more crystallization information can be obtained from this kinetic equation.
Abstract: A kinetic equation of non-isothermal crystamzation was derived by extending Avrami’s equation to the non-isothermal situation More crystallization information can be obtained from this kinetic equation The curves of non-isothermal and isothermal crystallizations were analysed and compared for poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and the results were discussed
149 citations
01 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the fabrication via simple melt blending of thermotropic liquid crystal polyester (TLCP) nanocomposites reinforced with a very small quantity of modified carbon nanotube (CNT) and the unique effects of the modified CNT on the physical properties of the nano-composites.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the fabrication via simple melt blending of thermotropic liquid crystal polyester (TLCP) nanocomposites reinforced with a very small quantity of modified carbon nanotube (CNT) and the unique effects of the modified CNT on the physical properties of the nanocomposites. The thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of modified CNT-reinforced TLCP nanocomposites are highly dependent on the uniform dispersion of CNT and the interactions between the CNT and TLCP, which can be enhanced by chemical modification of the CNT, providing a design guide of CNTreinforced TLCP nanocomposites with great potential for industrial uses.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the rheological, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated.
Abstract: Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared through melt compounding via masterbatch dilution method. The masterbatch and the nanocomposites were processed in a twin-screw extruder. The rheological, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the PET–CNT nanocomposites have been investigated. Incorporation of CNTs into recycled PET at low concentration (0.25 wt%) significantly increases the viscosity. The storage modulus and loss modulus of nanocomposites were also increased with increasing amount of CNTs. This effect was more pronounced at lower frequencies. The incorporated CNTs in recycled PET increase the degree of crystallinity and crystallization temperature through heterogenous nucleation. Thermal stability and glass transition temperature of PET–CNT nanocomposites were slightly higher than the reference recycled PET. The tensile strength and modulus of PET–CNT nanocomposites increased even at low concentrations of CNTs. Morphological investigation through scanning electron microscopy indicated homogeneous dispersion of CNTs at lower concentrations. At higher concentrations, the CNTs tend to agglomerate due to nanotube–nanotube interactions.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs) content on the properties of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposite (NC) films was investigated.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of synchrotron Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and thermal analysis was used to follow the evolution of crystalline morphology and crystallization kinetics in a series of melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).
23 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, a relation between the actual transformed volume V and a related extended volume V1 ex is derived upon statistical considerations, and a rough approximation to this relation is shown to lead, under the proper conditions, to the empirical formula of Austin and Rickett.
Abstract: Following upon the general theory in Part I, a considerable simplification is here introduced in the treatment of the case where the grain centers of the new phase are randomly distributed. Also, the kinetics of the main types of crystalline growth, such as result in polyhedral, plate‐like and lineal grains, are studied. A relation between the actual transformed volume V and a related extended volume V1 ex is derived upon statistical considerations. A rough approximation to this relation is shown to lead, under the proper conditions, to the empirical formula of Austin and Rickett. The exact relation is used to reduce the entire problem to the determination of V1 ex, in terms of which all other quantities are expressed. The approximate treatment of the beginning of transformation in the isokinetic range is shown to lead to the empirical formula of Krainer and to account quantitatively for certain relations observed in recrystallization phenomena. It is shown that the predicted shapes for isothermal transfo...
7,448 citations
"High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotub..." refers methods in this paper
...The modified Avrami equation [75, 76] is in common use to characterize the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, and can be expressed as: 1−X (t)=exp(−Ztt n) where X(t) is the relative degree of crystallinity; Z t is the crystallization rate parameter in‐ volving the nucleation and growth rate parameters; t is the crystallization time, and n is the Avrami constant depending on the type of nucleation and growth process....
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TL;DR: The tensile strengths of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured with a "nanostressing stage" located within a scanning electron microscope and a variety of structures were revealed, such as a nanotube ribbon, a wave pattern, and partial radial collapse.
Abstract: The tensile strengths of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were measured with a “nanostressing stage” located within a scanning electron microscope. The tensile-loading experiment was prepared and observed entirely within the microscope and was recorded on video. The MWCNTs broke in the outermost layer (“sword-in-sheath” failure), and the tensile strength of this layer ranged from 11 to 63 gigapascals for the set of 19 MWCNTs that were loaded. Analysis of the stress-strain curves for individual MWCNTs indicated that the Young's modulus E of the outermost layer varied from 270 to 950 gigapascals. Transmission electron microscopic examination of the broken nanotube fragments revealed a variety of structures, such as a nanotube ribbon, a wave pattern, and partial radial collapse.
5,011 citations
"High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotub..." refers background in this paper
...Both theoretical and experimental approaches suggest the exceptional me‐ chanical properties of CNTs ~100 times higher than the strongest steel at a fraction of the weight [16-19]: The Young’s modulus, strength, and toughness of SWCNT shows 0....
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...95 TPa, and ~1240 J/g, respectively [19]....
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TL;DR: A review of recent advances in carbon nanotubes and their composites can be found in this article, where the authors examine the research work reported in the literature on the structure and processing of carbon Nanotubes.
4,709 citations
"High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotub..." refers background in this paper
...makes it possible for CNTs to be ideal nanoreinforcing fillers in advanced polymer nano‐ composites [15]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are evaluated using an atomic force microscopy (AFM) approach. And the results showed that the strength of the SiC NRs were substantially greater than those found previously for larger SiC structures, and they approach theoretical values.
Abstract: The Young's modulus, strength, and toughness of nanostructures are important to proposed applications ranging from nanocomposites to probe microscopy, yet there is little direct knowledge of these key mechanical properties. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the mechanical properties of individual, structurally isolated silicon carbide (SiC) nanorods (NRs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) that were pinned at one end to molybdenum disulfide surfaces. The bending force was measured versus displacement along the unpinned lengths. The MWNTs were about two times as stiff as the SiC NRs. Continued bending of the SiC NRs ultimately led to fracture, whereas the MWNTs exhibited an interesting elastic buckling process. The strengths of the SiC NRs were substantially greater than those found previously for larger SiC structures, and they approach theoretical values. Because of buckling, the ultimate strengths of the stiffer MWNTs were less than those of the SiC NRs, although the MWNTs represent a uniquely tough, energy-absorbing material.
4,627 citations
"High Performance PET/Carbon Nanotub..." refers background in this paper
...In particular, excellent mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical properties of CNT have created a high level of activity in materials research and development for potential applications such as fuel cell, hydrogen storage, field emission display, chemical or biological sensor, and advanced polymer nano‐ composites [26-34]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new, versatile and environmentally benign synthesis approach by polymer melt intercalation is discussed. But, unlike in-situ polymerization and solution inter-calation, melt interalation involves mixing the layered silicates with the polymer and heating the mixture above the softening point of the polymer.
Abstract: Polymer nanocomposites with layered silicates as the inorganic phase (reinforcement) are discussed. The materials design and synthesis rely on the ability of layered silicates to intercalate in the galleries between their layers a wide range of monomers and polymers. Special emphasis is placed on a new, versatile and environmentally benign synthesis approach by polymer melt intercalation. In contrast to in-situ polymerization and solution intercalation, melt intercalation involves mixing the layered silicate with the polymer and heating the mixture above the softening point of the polymer. Compatibility with various polymers is accomplished by derivatizing the silicates with alkyl ammonium cations via an ion exchange reaction. By fine-tuning the surface characteristics nanodispersion (i. e. intercalation or delamination) can be accomplished. The resulting polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites exhibit properties dramatically different from their more conventional counterparts. For example, PLS nanocomposites can attain a particular degree of stiffness, strength and barrier properties with far less inorganic content than comparable glass- or mineral reinforced polymers and, therefore, they are far lighter in weight. In addition, PLS nanocomposites exhibit significant increase in thermal stability as well as self-extinguishing characteristics. The combination of improved properties, convenient processing and low cost has already led to a few commercial applications with more currently under development.
3,468 citations