High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer

Journal Article•

High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer

01 Jan 1979-Advanced Materials Research (Gordon and Breach.)-pp 50-85

About: This article is published in Advanced Materials Research.The article was published on 1979-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 463 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Planetary boundary layer.

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A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/ NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), NCAR/TN-398+STR

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G. A. Grell

01 Jan 1995

3,954 citations

DOI•

A description of the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)

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A. Grell, Jimy Dudhia, David R. Stauffer

01 Jan 1994

3,573 citations

Cites background or methods from "High resolution models of the plane..."

...-P5 T + M2 D = AT, (2.5.2.3) at ape + N 1 .D = O,and (2.5.2.4) $ = Mi * T. (2.5.2.5) where the right hand sides change slowly over the time scale of the Rossby-waves. Matrices M 1 , M2, and vector N1 are independent of x, y, and t. Notice the similarity to the nonhydrostatic splitting method (equations 2.5.1-2.5.4). However, rather then integrating the "fast" terms on a small time-step directly, the method described below only computes correction terms to the equations, making this process extremely efficient. To illustrate this, we follow Madala (1981). From the governing equations he derives equations for the mass divergence D and the generalized geopotential A....
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...A Description of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) Georg A. Grell1 Jimy Dudhia2 David R. Stauffer3 MESOSCALE AND MICROSCALE METEOROLOGY DIVISION 2NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER, COLORADO 1FORECAST SYSTEMS LABORATORY, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION BOULDER, COLORADO 3DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY, THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA...
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...This technical report describes the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model, or MM5. It is intended to provide scientific and technical documentation of the model for users. Source code documentation is available as a separate Technical Note (NCAR/TN-392) by Haagenson et al. (1994). Comments and suggestions for improvements or corrections, are welcome and should be sent to the authors....
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...A complaint about traditional polynomial-fitting methods used for interpolating scalar fields defined on a discrete mesh is that they often lead to spurious numerical oscillations in regions of steep gradients of the interpolated variables. In order to suppress computational noise, which is characteristic of quadratic and higher-order interpolation schemes, one often implements a smoothing procedure or increased diffusion. These, however, introduce excessive numerical diffusion that smears out sharp features of interpolated fields. A more advanced approach invokes the so-called shape-preserving interpolation, which incorporates appropriate constraints on the derivative estimates used in the interpolation schemes (see Rasch and Williamson (1990) for a review). In MM5 we consider as an alternate approach a class of schemes derived from monotone advection algorithms (Smolarkiewicz and Grell, 1992). Smolarkiewicz and Grell (1992) show that the interpolation problem becomes identical to the advection problem, when the distance vector is replaced by the velocity vector (see also the end of this section). Here we will describe the implementation of the advection algorithm used in MM5. The interested reader is referred to Smolarkiewicz and Grell (1992) for a detailed derivation of the "advection-interpolation" equivalence....
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...Additionally, the divergence damping technique of Skamarock and Klemp (1992) is used to control horizontally propagating sound waves....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Review and intercomparison of operational methods for the determination of the mixing height

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Petra Seibert¹, Frank Beyrich², Sven-Erik Gryning³, Sylvain M. Joffre⁴, Alix Rasmussen⁵, Philippe Tercier - Show less +2 more•Institutions (5)

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad¹, Deutscher Wetterdienst², United States Department of Energy³, Finnish Meteorological Institute⁴, Danish Meteorological Institute⁵

01 Jan 2000-Atmospheric Environment

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the literature on the analysis of profile measurements and the use of parameterisations and simple models, and suggest for the preprocessor development and for future research activities.

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898 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology Model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part II: Preliminary Model Validation

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Fei Chen¹, Jimy Dudhia¹•Institutions (1)

National Center for Atmospheric Research¹

01 Apr 2001-Monthly Weather Review

TL;DR: In this paper, a number of short-term numerical experiments conducted by the Penn StateNCAR fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled with an advanced land surface model, alongside the simulations coupled with a simple slab model, are verified with observations.

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Abstract: A number of short-term numerical experiments conducted by the Penn State‐NCAR fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) coupled with an advanced land surface model, alongside the simulations coupled with a simple slab model, are verified with observations. For clear sky day cases, the MM5 model gives reasonable estimates of radiation forcing at the surface with solar radiation being slightly overestimated probably due to the lack of aerosol treatment in the current MM5 radiation scheme. The improvements in the calculation of surface latent and sensible heat fluxes with the new land surface model (LSM) are very apparent, and more importantly, the new LSM captures the correct Bowen ratio. Evaporation obtained from the simple slab model is significantly lower than observations. Having time-varying soil moisture is important for capturing even short-term evolution of evaporation. Due to the more reasonable diurnal cycle of surface heat fluxes in the MM5‐LSM, its nearsurface temperature and humidity are closer to the FIFE observations. In particular, the MM5‐slab model has a systematic warm bias in 2-m temperature. Both the slab model and the new LSM were coupled with the nonlocal Medium-Range Forecast model PBL parameterization scheme and they reproduced the depth of the morning surface inversion in the stable boundary layer well. The observed mixed layer in the late morning deepens faster than both models, despite the fact that both models have high bias in surface sensible heat fluxes. Presumably, such a rapid development of convective mixed layer is due to some effects induced by small-scale heterogeneity or large-scale advection that the MM5 failed to capture. Both surface models reasonably reproduce the daytime convective PBL growth and, in general, the temperature difference between the two models and observations is less than 28. The simulations of two rainfall events are not conclusive. Both models produce a good forecast of rainfall for 24 June 1997 and have similar problems for the event of 4 July 1997, although the simulations with the new LSM have slightly improved results in some 3-h rainfall accumulations. It seems that the new LSM does not have unexpected influences in situations for which the land surface processes are secondary, but that it may have subtle, though complex, effects on the model behavior because of heterogeneity introduced by soil moisture, vegetation effects, and soil type, which are all lacking in the slab model.

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887 citations

Cites methods from "High resolution models of the plane..."

...This simpler approach employs the ‘‘slab model’’ developed by Blackadar (1976, 1979) and further tested by Zhang and Anthes (1982)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry

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Fred C. Fehsenfeld, Jack G. Calvert, Ray Fall, Paul D. Goldan, Alex Guenther, C. Nicholas Hewitt, Brian Lamb, Shaw Liu, Michael Trainer, Hal Westberg, Patrick R. Zimmerman - Show less +7 more

01 Dec 1992-Global Biogeochemical Cycles

TL;DR: In this paper, the available information concerning the terrestrial vegetation as sources of volatile organic compounds is reviewed and the biochemical processes associated with these emissions of the compounds and the atmospheric chemistry of the emitted compounds are discussed.

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Abstract: Vegetation provides a major source of reactive carbon entering the atmosphere. These compounds play an important role in (1) shaping global tropospheric chemistry, (2) regional photochemical oxidant formation, (3) balancing the global carbon cycle, and (4) production of organic acids which contribute to acidic deposition in rural areas. Present estimates place the total annual global emission of these compounds between approximately 500 and 825 Tg yr−1. The volatile olefinic compounds, such as isoprene and the monoterpenes, are thought to constitute the bulk of these emissions. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that a variety of partially oxidized hydrocarbons, principally alcohols, are also emitted. The available information concerning the terrestrial vegetation as sources of volatile organic compounds is reviewed. The biochemical processes associated with these emissions of the compounds and the atmospheric chemistry of the emitted compounds are discussed.

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869 citations

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High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer

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