High-resolution PLA-based composite scaffolds via 3-D printing technology.
TL;DR: The results showed the suitability of the technique/materials combination to develop 3-D porous scaffolds and their initial biocompatibility, both being valuable characteristics for tissue engineering applications.
About: This article is published in Acta Biomaterialia.The article was published on 2013-03-01. It has received 390 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Tissue engineering.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out in this paper, where the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed.
Abstract: Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.
4,159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an overview on 3D printing techniques of polymer composite materials and the properties and performance of 3D printed composite parts as well as their potential applications in the fields of biomedical, electronics and aerospace engineering.
Abstract: The use of 3D printing for rapid tooling and manufacturing has promised to produce components with complex geometries according to computer designs. Due to the intrinsically limited mechanical properties and functionalities of printed pure polymer parts, there is a critical need to develop printable polymer composites with high performance. 3D printing offers many advantages in the fabrication of composites, including high precision, cost effective and customized geometry. This article gives an overview on 3D printing techniques of polymer composite materials and the properties and performance of 3D printed composite parts as well as their potential applications in the fields of biomedical, electronics and aerospace engineering. Common 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, inkjet 3D printing, stereolithography, and 3D plotting are introduced. The formation methodology and the performance of particle-, fiber- and nanomaterial-reinforced polymer composites are emphasized. Finally, important limitations are identified to motivate the future research of 3D printing.
2,132 citations
TL;DR: This review article focuses on recent advances in 3D printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds along with current challenges and future directions.
1,461 citations
TL;DR: The criteria for printing viable and functional scaffolds, scaffolding materials, and 3DP technologies used to print scaffolds for tissue engineering are discussed and could potentially help to meet the demand by patients for tissues and organs without having to wait or rely on donors for transplantation.
Abstract: The current need for organ and tissue replacement, repair, and regeneration for patients is continually growing such that supply is not meeting demand primarily due to a paucity of donors as well as biocompatibility issues leading to immune rejection of the transplant. In order to overcome these drawbacks, scientists have investigated the use of scaffolds as an alternative to transplantation. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) by providing structural support as well as promoting attachment, proliferation, and differentiation with the ultimate goal of yielding functional tissues or organs. Initial attempts at developing scaffolds were problematic and subsequently inspired an interest in 3D printing as a mode for generating scaffolds. Utilizing three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies, ECM-like scaffolds can be produced with a high degree of complexity, where fine details can be included at a micrometer level. In this Review, the criteria for printing viable and functional scaffolds, scaffolding materials, and 3DP technologies used to print scaffolds for tissue engineering are discussed. Creating biofunctional scaffolds could potentially help to meet the demand by patients for tissues and organs without having to wait or rely on donors for transplantation.
648 citations
TL;DR: The past and recent advances in biomaterial ink development and design considerations moving forward are highlighted and a brief overview of 3D printing technologies focusing on ink design parameters is also included.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming an increasingly common technique to fabricate scaffolds and devices for tissue engineering applications. This is due to the potential of 3D printing to provide patient-specific designs, high structural complexity, rapid on-demand fabrication at a low-cost. One of the major bottlenecks that limits the widespread acceptance of 3D printing in biomanufacturing is the lack of diversity in “biomaterial inks”. Printability of a biomaterial is determined by the printing technique. Although a wide range of biomaterial inks including polymers, ceramics, hydrogels and composites have been developed, the field is still struggling with processing of these materials into self-supporting devices with tunable mechanics, degradation, and bioactivity. This review aims to highlight the past and recent advances in biomaterial ink development and design considerations moving forward. A brief overview of 3D printing technologies focusing on ink design parameters is also included.
548 citations
References
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TL;DR: New fabrication techniques, such as solid-free form fabrication, can potentially be used to generate scaffolds with morphological and mechanical properties more selectively designed to meet the specificity of bone-repair needs.
5,470 citations
"High-resolution PLA-based composite..." refers result in this paper
...These results are in good agreement with those reported in previous investigations of bone ingrowth into porous materials [2,3,24,25]....
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TL;DR: Research on the tissue engineering of bone and cartilage from the polymeric scaffold point of view is reviews from a biodegradable and bioresorbable perspective.
4,914 citations
TL;DR: Challenges in scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering such as biomolecules incorporation, surface functionalization and 3D scaffold characterization are discussed, giving possible solution strategies.
3,505 citations
TL;DR: The integration of CTD with SFF to build designer tissue-engineering scaffolds is reviewed and the mechanical properties and tissue regeneration achieved using designer scaffolds are details.
Abstract: A paradigm shift is taking place in medicine from using synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that uses degradable porous material scaffolds integrated with biological cells or molecules to regenerate tissues. This new paradigm requires scaffolds that balance temporary mechanical function with mass transport to aid biological delivery and tissue regeneration. Little is known quantitatively about this balance as early scaffolds were not fabricated with precise porous architecture. Recent advances in both computational topology design (CTD) and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) have made it possible to create scaffolds with controlled architecture. This paper reviews the integration of CTD with SFF to build designer tissue-engineering scaffolds. It also details the mechanical properties and tissue regeneration achieved using designer scaffolds. Finally, future directions are suggested for using designer scaffolds with in vivo experimentation to optimize tissue-engineering treatments, and coupling designer scaffolds with cell printing to create designer material/biofactor hybrids.
3,487 citations
"High-resolution PLA-based composite..." refers result in this paper
...These results are in good agreement with those reported in previous investigations of bone ingrowth into porous materials [2,3,24,25]....
[...]
TL;DR: Analysis of the measured data shows a high correlation between the scaffold porosity and the compressive properties based on a power-law relationship.
1,635 citations
"High-resolution PLA-based composite..." refers background or result in this paper
...In general, the structures obtained in this study showed compressive modulus values considerably higher than those reported in the literature for other RP structures with similar geometry and similar porosity percentages [7,14]....
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...The diameter of the struts of the structures obtained in this study was significantly thinner than the diameter of other polymer RP structures reported in the literature and fabricated by similar nozzle-deposition-based systems [7,26,14]....
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...Indeed, in the case of fused deposition systems, where polymers are melted and subsequently extruded without using solvent, this shrinkage phenomenon is not as significant [7,10,14,26]....
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...It is known that an optimal ‘‘printing’’ process involves complex interactions between the hardware, software and material properties [7,23]....
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