High-Resolution, Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Outflow Tract Demonstrates Segmental Differences in Cleared Eyes.
Susannah Waxman,Ralitsa T. Loewen,Yalong Dang,Simon C. Watkins,Alan M. Watson,Nils A. Loewen +5 more
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The proximal structures had greater diameters nasally, whereas the SVP was larger in the inferior limbus, and RSCM of cleared eyes enabled high-resolution, volumetric analysis of the outflow tract.Abstract:
Purpose The rate of conventional aqueous humor outflow is the highest nasally. We hypothesized that this is reflected in regionally different outflow structures and analyzed the entire limbus by high-resolution, full-thickness ribbon-scanning confocal microscopy (RSCM). Methods We perfused pig eyes by anterior chamber cannulation with eight lectin-fluorophore conjugates, followed by optical clearance with benzyl alcohol benzyl benzoate (BABB). RSCM and advanced analysis software (Imaris) were used to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D), whole-specimen rendering of the perilimbal outflow structures. We performed morphometric analyses of the outflow tract from the level of the trabecular meshwork (TM) to the scleral vascular plexus (SVP). Results Except for pigmented structures, BABB cleared the entire eye. Rhodamine-conjugated Glycine max agglutinin (soybean [SBA]) labeled the outflow tract evenly and retained fluorescence for months. RSCM produced terabyte-sized files allowing for in silico dissection of outflow tract vessels at a high resolution and in 3D. Networks of interconnected lumens were traced from the TM to downstream drainage structures. The collector channel (CC) volumes were 10 times smaller than the receiving SVP vessels, the largest of which were in the inferior limbus. Proximal CC diameters were up to four times the size of distal diameters and more elliptical at their proximal ends. The largest CCs were found in the superonasal and inferonasal quadrants where the highest outflow occurs. Conclusion RSCM of cleared eyes enabled high-resolution, volumetric analysis of the outflow tract. The proximal structures had greater diameters nasally, whereas the SVP was larger in the inferior limbus.read more
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Structure-Function Changes of the Porcine Distal Outflow Tract in Response to Nitric Oxide.
Susannah Waxman,Chao Wang,Chao Wang,Yalong Dang,Ying Hong,Ying Hong,Hamed Esfandiari,Priyal Shah,Kira L. Lathrop,Ralitsa T. Loewen,Nils A. Loewen +10 more
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Outflow enhancement by three different ab interno trabeculectomy procedures in a porcine anterior segment model
Yalong Dang,Chao Wang,Chao Wang,Priyal Shah,Priyal Shah,Susannah Waxman,Ralitsa T. Loewen,Ying Hong,Hamed Esfandiari,Nils A. Loewen +9 more
TL;DR: T, G, and K significantly increased the outflow facility in a porcine eye perfusion model and T had a larger effect than G and K.
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