High-speed measurement of foot shape based on multiple-laser-plane triangulation
01 Nov 2009-Optical Engineering (International Society for Optics and Photonics)-Vol. 48, Iss: 11, pp 113604
TL;DR: The proposed method overcomes this limitation by using a laser multiple-line triangulation technique, where each of several measuring modules uses a unique laser wavelength to prevent unwanted overlapping between adjacent light patterns.
Abstract: Optical three-dimensional shape measurement of live objects is becoming an important developing and research tool because of its nonintrusive nature and high measuring speed. The current methods are reaching truly high speed in one view configuration, but in the case of the entire object shape measurement, they are limited due to mutual interference between multiple measuring modules. The proposed method overcomes this limitation by using a laser multiple-line triangulation technique, where each of several measuring modules uses a unique laser wavelength. The measuring modules are positioned so that the entire surface of the foot is digitized. This prevents unwanted overlapping between adjacent light patterns. The calibration procedure for each measuring module and for the entire system is based on measurements of the surface of a reference object. The system parameters are determined using an iterative optimization algorithm. The precision of the system is better than ±0.3 mm. The system is capable of measuring objects in motion. The results of the shape of a foot rising on its toes are given as an example.
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TL;DR: Modern 3D surface scanning systems can obtain accurate and repeatable digital representations of the foot shape and have been successfully used in medical, ergonomic and footwear development applications.
Abstract: A number of surface scanning systems with the ability to quickly and easily obtain 3D digital representations of the foot are now commercially available. This review aims to present a summary of the reported use of these technologies in footwear development, the design of customised orthotics, and investigations for other ergonomic purposes related to the foot. The PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched. Reference lists and experts in the field were also consulted to identify additional articles. Studies in English which had 3D surface scanning of the foot as an integral element of their protocol were included in the review. Thirty-eight articles meeting the search criteria were included. Advantages and disadvantages of using 3D surface scanning systems are highlighted. A meta-analysis of studies using scanners to investigate the changes in foot dimensions during varying levels of weight bearing was carried out. Modern 3D surface scanning systems can obtain accurate and repeatable digital representations of the foot shape and have been successfully used in medical, ergonomic and footwear development applications. The increasing affordability of these systems presents opportunities for researchers investigating the foot and for manufacturers of foot related apparel and devices, particularly those interested in producing items that are customised to the individual. Suggestions are made for future areas of research and for the standardization of the protocols used to produce foot scans.
154 citations
Cites background from "High-speed measurement of foot shap..."
...Attempts have been made to use optical technologies to measure dynamic changes in foot shape during normal walking [10,42,43]....
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Patent•
30 May 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the body part size measurement of a person for fitting a garment is estimated by providing photographic data that includes images of body parts and using feature extraction techniques to create a computer model of the body parts.
Abstract: Methods and systems for generating a size measurement of a body part of person for fitting a garment include providing photographic data that includes images of the body part and using feature extraction techniques to create a computer model of the body part.
65 citations
TL;DR: The method for wound shape measurement can be clinically used as a precise tool for objectively monitoring the wound healing based on measuring its 3D shape and color.
Abstract: Wound measuring serves medical personnel as a tool to assess the effectiveness of a therapy and predict its outcome. Clinically used methods vary from measuring using rules and calipers to sophisticated methods, based on 3D measuring. Our method combines the added value of 3D measuring and well-known segmentation algorithms to enable volume calculation and achieve reliable and operator-independent analysis, as we demonstrate in the paper. Developed 3D measuring system is based on laser triangulation with simultaneous color acquisition. Wound shape analysis is based on the edge-determination, virtual healthy skin approximation over the wound and perimeter, area, and volume calculation. In order to validate the approach, eight operators analyzed four different wounds using proposed method. Measuring bias was assessed by comparing measured values with expected values on an artificially modeled set of wounds. Results indicate that the perimeter, area, and volume are measured with a repeatability of 2.5 mm, 12 mm2, and 30 mm3, respectively, and with a measuring bias of −0.2 mm, −8.6 mm2, 24 mm3, respectively. According to the results of verification and the fact that typical wound analysis takes 20 seconds, the method for wound shape measurement can be clinically used as a precise tool for objectively monitoring the wound healing based on measuring its 3D shape and color.
36 citations
Cites methods from "High-speed measurement of foot shap..."
...The system is calibrated using a reference surface of known geometry as described in [24]....
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TL;DR: A new, noninvasive, optical 3D method that provides a quick, precise and non-invasive way to determine the spatial spine curve for patients with developed scoliosis and the validation of the presented method using the palpation of the spinous processes, where no harmful ionizing radiation is present.
Abstract: The main objective of the present method was to automatically obtain a spatial curve of the thoracic and lumbar spine based on a 3D shape measurement of a human torso with developed scoliosis. Manual determination of the spine curve, which was based on palpation of the thoracic and lumbar spinous processes, was found to be an appropriate way to validate the method. Therefore a new, noninvasive, optical 3D method for human torso evaluation in medical practice is introduced. Twenty-four patients with confirmed clinical diagnosis of scoliosis were scanned using a specially developed 3D laser profilometer. The measuring principle of the system is based on laser triangulation with one-laser-plane illumination. The measurement took approximately 10 seconds at 700 mm of the longitudinal translation along the back. The single point measurement accuracy was 0.1 mm. Computer analysis of the measured surface returned two 3D curves. The first curve was determined by manual marking (manual curve), and the second was determined by detecting surface curvature extremes (automatic curve). The manual and automatic curve comparison was given as the root mean square deviation (RMSD) for each patient. The intra-operator study involved assessing 20 successive measurements of the same person, and the inter-operator study involved assessing measurements from 8 operators. The results obtained for the 24 patients showed that the typical RMSD between the manual and automatic curve was 5.0 mm in the frontal plane and 1.0 mm in the sagittal plane, which is a good result compared with palpatory accuracy (9.8 mm). The intra-operator repeatability of the presented method in the frontal and sagittal planes was 0.45 mm and 0.06 mm, respectively. The inter-operator repeatability assessment shows that that the presented method is invariant to the operator of the computer program with the presented method. The main novelty of the presented paper is the development of a new, non-contact method that provides a quick, precise and non-invasive way to determine the spatial spine curve for patients with developed scoliosis and the validation of the presented method using the palpation of the spinous processes, where no harmful ionizing radiation is present.
28 citations
Cites background from "High-speed measurement of foot shap..."
...To avoid all of the aforementioned disadvantages, numerous efforts have been focused on the development of an alternative optical 3D imaging method that has a low cost and high speed and is accurate [15]....
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TL;DR: The ease of subject preparation and also the effective and easy to interpret visual output, make the present technique very attractive for functional analysis of the foot, enhancing usability in clinical practice.
20 citations
Cites background from "High-speed measurement of foot shap..."
...To this date, studies about D3DScanning focus mainly on technical aspects (Blenkinsopp et al., 2012; Coudert et al., 2006; Jezerek and Mozina, 2009)....
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TL;DR: A color structured light technique for recovering object shape from one or more images by projecting a pattern of stripes of alternating colors and matching the projected color transitions with observed edges in the image is presented.
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619 citations
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