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Journal ArticleDOI

High-temperature thermal stability of molten salt materials

10 Oct 2008-International Journal of Energy Research (Wiley)-Vol. 32, Iss: 12, pp 1164-1174
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on thermal stability of multi-component molten salt consisting of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium ammonium, and sodium nitrate and one kind of additives such as A, B and C at a high temperature.
Abstract: This paper focuses on thermal stability of molten salts consisting of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate and one kind of additives such as A, B and C at a high temperature. The multi-component molten salts were prepared by mixing the pure salts, heating statically to the melting state and then cooling to room temperature to form the mixed molten salts. The stability experiments were carried out at 500 and 550°C, and the experiment found that the molten salt with 5% additive A performed better high-temperature thermal stability and its optimum operating temperature was increased to 550 from 500°C. XRD and DSC analyses indicated that the molten salt with 5% additive A had a lower freezing point and a higher phase change latent heat. Besides, the concentration of NO 2 anion in the molten salt was analyzed and the results showed that the main reaction for the molten salts in air was nitrite thermal oxidation at 500 and 550°C. In addition, the energy used for the oxidation of nitrite would be increased with an increase in additives and the prolonging of reaction time at the same time.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the current status of heat transfer fluid, which is one of the critical components for storing and transferring thermal energy in concentrating solar power systems, is reviewed in detail, particularly regarding the melting temperature, thermal stability limit and corrosion issues.

626 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition of molten nitrite/nitrates salt used for thermal energy storage (TES) in concentrating solar power (CSP) was carried out with a HITEC type salt.

163 citations


Cites background from "High-temperature thermal stability ..."

  • ...There is some confusion however in regards to the decomposition temperature of alkali metal nitrate melts due to a lack of a standardised definition of decomposition (Peng et al., 2008; Raade and Padowitz, 2011)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the benefits and challenges of concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) in the desert regions is presented and suggested solutions are made to address the challenges.
Abstract: Concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) are gaining momentum due to their potential of power generation throughout the day for base load applications in the desert regions with extremely high direct normal irradiance (DNI). Among various types of the CSPs, solar tower power technologies are becoming the front runners especially in the United States and around the world with the possibility to compete with traditional power generation technologies in terms of efficiency and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). A bibliometric analysis of the publications on the CSP systems and components since 1990 shows a total of 6400+ publications and reveals an exponential growth due to reasons that CSP systems promises a lot of potential as the future large scale power source for varied applications. This review consolidates the benefits and challenges of the CSP technologies particularly in the desert regions. Thorough literature analysis as well as the meteorological data projects the trend that the CSP systems would become a reality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Australia, Southwestern region of the United States, Southwestern part of China and China/Mongolia border with high direct normal irradiance. However, enormous amount of support and capital investments are needed for making these CSP systems realistic as there is not much power grid network in existence. It is evident that there are multiple challenges specifically in water consumption, materials design and development for the optimum heat transfer fluid, thermal energy storage and receiver subsystems in addition to commercial viability and environmental impacts. Each of the challenges is discussed in detail and suggestions are made to address the challenges.

158 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on thermal stability of molten salts and their thermo-physical properties at high temperature and found that 5% additive A had higher thermal stability and its best operating temperature would be increased to 550°C from 500°C when comparing to ternary nitrate salt.

156 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on direct molten salt line-focusing technology using linear Fresnel and parabolic trough collector systems and evaluate phase diagrams, composition, melting ranges, melting temperature, minimum operation temperature, thermal stability and maximum operation temperature.

146 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: One of the popular books now is the phase diagrams for ceramists as discussed by the authors. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it.
Abstract: It's not surprisingly when entering this site to get the book. One of the popular books now is the phase diagrams for ceramists. You may be confused because you can't find the book in the book store around your city. Commonly, the popular book will be sold quickly. And when you have found the store to buy the book, it will be so hurt when you run out of it. This is why, searching for this popular book in this website will give you benefit. You will not run out of this book.

2,678 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing a molten salt as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and for thermal storage in a parabolic trough solar field to improve system performance and to reduce the levelized electricity cost was investigated.
Abstract: An evaluation was carried out to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a molten salt as the heat transfer fluid (HTF) and for thermal storage in a parabolic trough solar field to improve system performance and to reduce the levelized electricity cost. The operating SEGS (Solar Electric Generating Systems located in Mojave Desert, California) plants currently use a high temperature synthetic oil consisting of a eutectic mixture of biphenyl/ diphenyl oxide. The scope of this investigation included examination of known critical issues, postulating solutions or possible approaches where potential problems exist, and the quantification of performance and electricity cost using preliminary cost inputs. The two leading candidates were the so-called solar salt (a binary salt consisting of 60% NaNO 3 and 40% KNO 3 ) and a salt sold commercially as HitecXL (a ternary salt consisting of 48% Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 7% NaNO 3 , and 45% KNO 3 ). Assuming a two-tank storage system and a maximum operation temperature of 450°C, the evaluation showed that the levelized electricity cost can be reduced by 14.2% compared to a state-of-the-art parabolic trough plant such as the SEGS plants. If higher temperatures are possible, the improvement may be as high as 17.6%. Thermocline salt storage systems offer even greater benefits.

413 citations

ReportDOI
18 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed the use of Nitrate-based fused salt mixtures as heat transport media in the petroleum and chemical process industries and in metallurgical heat-treatment operations.
Abstract: The widespread use of nitrate-based fused salt mixtures as heat transport media in the petroleum and chemical process industries and in metallurgical heat-treatment operations has led to the development of satisfactory equipment for handling and containing these materials. A mixture known as heat transfer salt (HTS), which is composed of 40 percent NaNO/sub 2/, 7 percent NaNO/sub 3/, and 53 percent KNO/sub 3/ by weight, has been used commercially in large quantities as a heat transfer fluid. It has been suggested that this salt be used for storing energy as sensible heat in the temperature range 200 to 540/sup 0/C (400 to 1000/sup 0/F). The eutectic 54 percent KNO/sub 3/--46 percent NaNO/sub 3/ by weight known as ''draw salt,'' which has undergone less testing but is more stable thermally and more attractive economically than HTS and has similar physical properties, may be a desirable alternative. Several specific energy storage applications, such as intermediate-load and peaking electric power, solar energy, and energy from fluidized-bed coal burners, are discussed. Long-term stability and corrosion data on these salts are presently available only to approximately 480/sup 0/C. However, for the design and construction of energy storage facilities to operate over many years at temperaturesmore » up to approximately 540/sup 0/C, long-term tests of thermal stability and corrosion are needed. Means for obtaining such information are proposed.« less

52 citations