Histopathological Changes In The Motor Cortex Of Rat CNS After Pyrethroid Based Mosquito Repellent Inhalation An Experimental Study
TL;DR: It is established that pyrethroids given by inhalational route do cause neurotoxicity on chronic exposure as shown by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the histological sections of CNS.
Abstract: Introduction: The liquid vaporizers are very commonly used as residential insecticides in developing countries. Neurotoxic effects of pyrethroids have been reported earlier but studies regarding their histopathological effects on motor cortex area of cerebrum are rare. So the present study was planned to assess and compare the effects of pyrethroid based mosquito repellent inhalation in the motor cortex of rat CNS. Method: Twenty albino rats were divided into two groups of control and experimental. Rats in experimental group were exposed to 3.2% w/v prallethrin vapours 12 hours daily for 180 days. Control animals were kept under identical conditions without exposure to said repellent. The animals were sacrificed after 180 days. Their Cerebrum removed and processed. Sections cut and stained with Haematoxylin,Eosin and thionin . Result: Neurohistological alteration in our study in experimental rats were, loss of organisation of the cortical layer, increased density of inflammatory cells and initial signs of neuronal damage when compared to control ones Conclusion: The findings of our study establish that pyrethroids given by inhalational route do cause neurotoxicity on chronic exposure as shown by inflammatory and degenerative changes in the histological sections of CNS.
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TL;DR: There is oxidative stress in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids based insecticides and lowered antioxidant defenses also observed in the studied population and there was increased in weight differences with possibility of becoming obese.
Abstract: Indiscriminate use of pesticides appears to increase the production of free radicals in organisms such as humans and other animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyrethroid insecticides on oxidative stress biomarkers and atherogenic indices in exposed adult Wistar rats. A total number of apparently healthy 60 Wistar rats were randomly selected for this study and divided into two groups. Thirty six (36) were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides while the remaining twenty four (24) were grouped as non-exposed. The animals in each group were anesthetized and blood sample was collected from the inferior vena cava after days of exposure. Plasma levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Nitric Oxide (NO) and lipids profiles were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Plasma activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Statistical analysis of data was obtained and P<0.05 was considered significant. The mean TChol and HDL were significantly higher in 7days than 41days exposure, while plasma mean TChol and HDL were significantly lower in 41days than 21days exposure. The plasma mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH and TAS were significantly decreasing while plasma mean levels of MDA, H2O2 and NO were significantly increasing from 7 days through 41 days exposure in exposed groups irrespective of the gender. In conclusion, this study observed that there is oxidative stress in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids based insecticides and lowered antioxidant defenses also observed in the studied population. Also, there was increased in weight differences with possibility of becoming obese. Thus, antioxidant supplements are advised as a prophylactic supportive therapy for adequate measures in preventing development of oxidative stress-associated complications among exposed individuals.
4 citations
TL;DR: It is observed that pyrethroids can cause oxidative stress, deplete antioxidant levels, nephrotoxicity, and may modulate both humoral and cellular immune functions, and established NGAL as a sensitive diagnostic tool and early biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI).
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Insecticide usage has increased in the tropics and subtropics due to the high prevalence of vector-borne infections, even though insecticide use effectively reduces insect-borne diseases. Insecticide exposure can cause oxidative stress and have severe consequences for human health. The study was then designed to evaluate oxidative stress and its effects on immunomodulatory and renal integrity among Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids. METHODS: Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Fifty-one rats were exposed to 1.2 %w/v pyrethroids, while the remaining thirty-three rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. After days of exposure, the animals in each group were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava. Using standard spectrophotometric techniques, the levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were determined. ELISA was used to determine levels of IgG, IgA, IgE, TNF-α, and NGAL. Data obtained were statistically compared. RESULTS: The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, and TAS were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, IgG, IgE, IgA, TNFα, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) from 7 to 41 days exposure in exposed groups. NGAL had a higher area under the ROC curve than urea and creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed that pyrethroids can cause oxidative stress, deplete antioxidant levels, nephrotoxicity, and may modulate both humoral and cellular immune functions. It also established NGAL as a sensitive diagnostic tool and early biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI).
TL;DR: It is self-evident that pyrethroid chemicals exposure may disrupt carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by raising the risk of obesity among the exposed groups.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to widespread use of pesticides, an individual’s lifetime exposure to pesticide mixtures is unavoidable, resulting in potentiation of toxic effects such as changing metabolic signaling temporarily or permanently due to the formation of free radicals among exposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study then looked at the expression of leptin and insulin receptors in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroid and its effects on adipokines and glycemic indices. METHODS: 84 Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. 51 rats were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides, while the remaining 33 rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. The animals were anesthetically sacrificed and samples of blood were collected after days of exposure. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), glucose and lipids were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were also determined. ELISA was used to assess leptin, adiponectin, insulin, CRP, IL-6, and TNFα. Glycaemic indices were calculated appropriately. Leptin and Insulin expression was determined using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Data obtained were statistically compared, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean TChol, TAG, and HDL-C were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the exposed groups. The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, TAS, QUICKI, TNFα, IL6, and CRP were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, NO, insulin, HOMA-IR, FIRI, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in exposed groups. The relative expression of insulin and leptin genes in exposed and non-exposed groups was also shown by column. CONCLUSION: It is self-evident that pyrethroid chemicals exposure may disrupt carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by raising the risk of obesity among the exposed groups.
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TL;DR: Air samples from the room were drawn uniformly from three different positions in the room with the pyrethroid contents analysed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and the drop in residue content was significant with time.
Abstract: Three types of mosquito repellent [two different mosquito
coils containing allethrin 0.1% w/w and transfluthrin 0.03%
w/w, an aerosol sample containing a combination of two pyrethroid molecules (deltamethrin
0.02% w/w + allethrin 0.13% w/w)
and two different mosquito mats containing esbiothrin 2.0% w/w
and prallethrin 1.5% w/w as active ingredients] were individually
subjected to use in a closed room. Air samples from the room were drawn at
different time intervals (15, 30 and 45 min, and 1, 2, 4, 6 and
8 h) uniformly from three different positions in the room (top,
middle and bottom) with the pyrethroid contents analysed using gas chromatography-electron
capture detection (GC-ECD). Analysis of air samples showed maximum
concentrations of the pyrethroid residues allethrin (0.0120 ppm),
transfluthrin (0.0134 ppm), deltamethrin (0.0057 ppm),
allethrin (0.080 ppm), esbiothrin (0.015 ppm)
and prallethrin (0.0138 ppm) within 30–45 min
of use. The drop in residue content was significant with time. At the end
of a 6 h period, most of the residues had dissipated to below 0.0001 ppm.
Further significant differences were observed in the residue contents tested
at different points within the room. Studies were compared with the experimental
results obtained when the mosquito repellents were tested with air circulation
in the room.
45 citations
"Histopathological Changes In The Mo..." refers background in this paper
...of powders, sprays, impregnated papers, mats electro evaporators and coils[3] to control mosquitoes, cockroaches and other insects....
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TL;DR: This short review proposes a management strategy for pyrethroid poisoning based on the present literature and mentions an experimental approach, which will require further study in animals and may have eventual relevance for man.
Abstract: Overview: Severe pyrethroid insecticide poisoning is uncommon in the developed world, but more common in developing countries because of its wide use in agriculture. This short review proposes a management strategy for pyrethroid poisoning based on the present literature. It also mentions an experimental approach, which will require further study in animals and may have eventual relevance for man.
31 citations
"Histopathological Changes In The Mo..." refers background in this paper
...Prallethrin, a type-I pyrethroid is a chief constituent in insecticidal formulations intended for indoor use in developing countries[1,2] in the form...
[...]