Homogeneous chemiluminescent measurement of nitric oxide with ozone. Implications for continuous selective monitoring of gaseous air pollutants
About: This article is published in Analytical Chemistry.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 448 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ozone.
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TL;DR: Current evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion, which is presented in detail in this review.
Abstract: The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
5,514 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the basis for each technique, recent developments in methods and performance limitations, and present a performance comparison of different techniques, taking data reported over the preceding decade, and draw conclusions from this benchmarking.
Abstract: The detection and measurement of gas concentrations using the characteristic optical absorption of the gas species is important for both understanding and monitoring a variety of phenomena from industrial processes to environmental change. This study reviews the field, covering several individual gas detection techniques including non-dispersive infrared, spectrophotometry, tunable diode laser spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. We present the basis for each technique, recent developments in methods and performance limitations. The technology available to support this field, in terms of key components such as light sources and gas cells, has advanced rapidly in recent years and we discuss these new developments. Finally, we present a performance comparison of different techniques, taking data reported over the preceding decade, and draw conclusions from this benchmarking.
1,293 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Exhaled NO may be used to instantly monitor ongoing bronchial inflammation, at least when involving inducible NO synthase, since increased production of NO in the lower airways may involve activated macrophages or neutrophils.
Abstract: The presence of nitric oxide (NO) in the exhaled air of humans has recently been described. We wanted to assess at what level exhaled NO originates in normal airways, and to determine whether airway inflammation induces changes in the levels of exhaled NO. Exhaled NO was continuously measured by chemiluminescence technique during normal tidal breathing through the nose or mouth, with a detection limit of 1 part per billion (ppb). Twelve control subjects were compared to eight patients with mild atopic asthma and rhinitis caused by occupational allergen. In control subjects, the major part of NO in exhaled air (up to 30 ppb) seemed to originate in the nasal airways, with only minor contribution from the lower airways and the oral cavity. However, in mild asthmatics, the level of exhaled NO during oral breathing, indicating the involvement of the lower airways, was increased 2-3 fold. Since increased production of NO in the lower airways may involve activated macrophages or neutrophils, we suggest that exhaled NO may be used to instantly monitor ongoing bronchial inflammation, at least when involving inducible NO synthase.
1,224 citations
Cites methods from "Homogeneous chemiluminescent measur..."
...N02 * + 0 2 (where * symbolizes emitted light) by the use of a photomultiplicator tube [4, 6]....
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TL;DR: Breathing 80 ppm NO for 3 hours did not increase either methemoglobin or extravascular lung water levels or modify lung histology compared with those in control lambs.
Abstract: Background. The gas nitric oxide (NO) is an important endothelium-derived relaxing factor, inactivated by rapid combination with heme in hemoglobin. Methods and Results. Awake spontaneously breathing lambs inhaled 5-80 ppm NO with an acutely constricted pulmonary circulation due to either infusion of the stable thromboxane endoperoxide analogue U46619 or breathing a hypoxic gas mixture. Within 3 minutes after adding 40 ppm NO or more to inspired gas, pulmonary hypertension was reversed. Systemic vasodilation did not occur. Pulmonary hypertension resumed within 3-6 minutes of ceasing NO inhalation. During U46619 infusion pulmonary vasodilation was maintained up to 1 hour without tolerance. In the normal lamb, NO inhalation produced no hemodynamic changes. Breathing 80 ppm NO for 3 hours did not increase either methemoglobin or extravascular lung water levels nor modify lung histology compared with control lambs. Conclusions. Low dose inhaled NO (5-80 ppm) is a selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing both hypoxia- and thromboxane-induced pulmonary hypertension in the awake lamb [corrected].
1,082 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that peroxynitrite anion is more stable in the cis conformation, whereas only a higher energy species in the trans conformation can fit in the active site of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase.
752 citations
References
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TL;DR: The spectral distribution of the chemiluminescent reactions O+NO→NO2+hv has been determined over the wavelength region 3875-14 000 A.
Abstract: The spectral distribution of the chemiluminescent reactions O+NO→NO2+hv has been determined over the wavelength region 3875–14 000 A. The absolute rate constant was determined by a method of chemical actinometry which required only relative intensity measurements and which is virtually free from geometry errors. The rate constant over this spectral region was found to be 6.4×10—17 cm3 molecule—1 sec—1 within an accuracy of 30%. This reaction can be used as a standard from which the rate constants for other chemiluminescent reactions can be readily obtained without requiring detector calibration or geometry corrections.
248 citations
115 citations
TL;DR: The carbon monoxide flame bands have been photographed under high resolution from an afterglow source as mentioned in this paper, showing a pattern which has been reproduced by calculations of the energies of high vibrational levels of the ground state of CO.
Abstract: The carbon monoxide flame bands have been photographed under high resolution from an afterglow source. Bands in the wavelength range 3100 to 3800 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$ show a pattern which has been reproduced by calculations of the energies of high vibrational levels of the $^1\sum^+\_g$ ground state of CO$\_2$. The structure of this energy level pattern is strongly affected by extensive Fermi resonance in the $^1\sum^+\_g$ state. The spectrum is emitted by excited CO$\_2$ molecules which radiate to the ground state from the lowest vibrational level and from the $v'\_z$ = 1 level of a B$\_2$ state. This excited state lies approximately 46 000 cm$^{-1}$ above the lowest level of the ground state, and has an OCO angle of 122 $\pm$ 2$^\circ$ and a CO bond length of 1.246 $\pm$ 0.008 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$. Combination of these results with the work of other authors shows that the excited state is a $^1$B$\_2$ state, and that the carbon monoxide flame bands are associated with the weak absorption system of CO$\_2$ at 1475 $\overset{\circ}{\mathrm A}$.
93 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the reaction appears to be elementary bimolecular NO+O3=NO2+O2 and the rate constant is k=0.8×1012e−2500/RT/mole−1sec−1.
Abstract: The rate of reaction between ozone and nitric oxide was followed optically at —43 and —75°. The reaction appears to be elementary bimolecular NO+O3=NO2+O2 and the rate constant is k=0.8×1012e−2500/RT cc mole−1sec−1.The pre‐exponential factor for this reaction is compared with those of six other elementary gas phase reactions of the type X+Y=Z+W+··· involving the oxides of nitrogen for which the energies of activation were higher. For this series of similar reactions the molecular complexity of the reactants is about constant (five or six atoms), and there appears to be no systematic difference in pre‐exponential factor between the fast and the slow reactions.
52 citations