Hormesis: Transforming disciplines that rely on the dose response
TL;DR: The upregulation of hormetic adaptive mechanisms has the capacity to decelerate the onset and reduce the severity of a broad spectrum of common age-related health, behavioral, and performance decrements and debilitating diseases, thereby significantly enhancing the human health span as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This article tells the story of hormesis from its conceptual and experimental origins, its dismissal by the scientific and medical communities in the first half of the 20th century, and its rediscovery over the past several decades to be a fundamental evolutionary adaptive strategy. The upregulation of hormetic adaptive mechanisms has the capacity to decelerate the onset and reduce the severity of a broad spectrum of common age-related health, behavioral, and performance decrements and debilitating diseases, thereby significantly enhancing the human health span. Incorporation of hormetic-based lifestyle options within the human population would have profoundly positive impacts on the public health, significantly reducing health care costs.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the responses of wild tomato accession Solanum pennellii LA0716 to moderate drought stress and severe drought stress (SDS), in order to identify the minimum irrigation level for efficient photosynthetic performance, and they concluded that instead of the previously used Fv/Fm ratio, the redox state of quinone A (QA), as it can be estimated by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter 1 - qL, is a better indicator to evaluate photosynthesis efficiency.
Abstract: Fluctuations of the weather conditions, due to global climate change, greatly influence plant growth and development, eventually affecting crop yield and quality, but also plant survival. Since water shortage is one of the key risks for the future of agriculture, exploring the capability of crop species to grow with limited water is therefore fundamental. By using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, we evaluated the responses of wild tomato accession Solanum pennellii LA0716, Solanum lycopersicum cv. Μ82, the introgression line IL12-4 (from cv. M82 Χ LA0716), and the Greek tomato cultivars cv. Santorini and cv. Zakinthos, to moderate drought stress (MoDS) and severe drought stress (SDS), in order to identify the minimum irrigation level for efficient photosynthetic performance. Agronomic traits (plant height, number of leaves and root/shoot biomass), relative water content (RWC), and lipid peroxidation, were also measured. Under almost 50% deficit irrigation, S. pennellii exhibited an enhanced photosynthetic function by displaying a hormetic response of electron transport rate (ETR), due to an increased fraction of open reaction centers, it is suggested to be activated by the low increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A low increase of ROS is regarded to be beneficial by stimulating defense responses and also triggering a more oxidized redox state of quinone A (QA), corresponding in S. pennellii under 50% deficit irrigation, to the lowest stomatal opening, resulting in reduction of water loss. Solanumpennellii was the most tolerant to drought, as it was expected, and could manage to have an adequate photochemical function with almost 30% water regime of well-watered plants. With 50% deficit irrigation, cv. Μ82 and cv. Santorini did not show any difference in photochemical efficiency to control plants and are recommended to be cultivated under deficit irrigation as an effective strategy to enhance agricultural sustainability under a global climate change. We conclude that instead of the previously used Fv/Fm ratio, the redox state of QA, as it can be estimated by the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter 1 - qL, is a better indicator to evaluate photosynthetic efficiency and select drought tolerant cultivars under deficit irrigation.
19 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have discussed how low-dose contaminant exposure may adaptively modify molecular and physiological mechanisms that may lead to organisms better capable of coping with challenging environments, how such responses may be transgenerational, and how thus this issue can no longer be ignored in ecotoxicological studies.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the most recent ML and DL applications in plant stress science, focusing on their potential for improving the development of hormesis management protocols, and discuss how artificial intelligence tools, particularly Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), have become crucial for processing and interpreting data to accurately model plant stress responses such as genomic variation, gene and protein expression, and metabolite biosynthesis.
Abstract: Plant stress is one of the most significant factors affecting plant fitness and, consequently, food production. However, plant stress may also be profitable since it behaves hormetically; at low doses, it stimulates positive traits in crops, such as the synthesis of specialized metabolites and additional stress tolerance. The controlled exposure of crops to low doses of stressors is therefore called hormesis management, and it is a promising method to increase crop productivity and quality. Nevertheless, hormesis management has severe limitations derived from the complexity of plant physiological responses to stress. Many technological advances assist plant stress science in overcoming such limitations, which results in extensive datasets originating from the multiple layers of the plant defensive response. For that reason, artificial intelligence tools, particularly Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), have become crucial for processing and interpreting data to accurately model plant stress responses such as genomic variation, gene and protein expression, and metabolite biosynthesis. In this review, we discuss the most recent ML and DL applications in plant stress science, focusing on their potential for improving the development of hormesis management protocols.
12 citations
TL;DR: It is hypothesize that modified amyloid and the tau protein, along with the oxidative stress generated, are new key elements in the vicious circle important in the development of post-ischemic neurodegeneration in a type of Alzheimer’s disease proteinopathy.
Abstract: Recent years have seen remarkable progress in research into free radicals oxidative stress, particularly in the context of post-ischemic recirculation brain injury. Oxidative stress in post-ischemic tissues violates the integrity of the genome, causing DNA damage, death of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, and impaired neurological outcome after brain ischemia. Indeed, it is now known that DNA damage and repair play a key role in post-stroke white and gray matter remodeling, and restoring the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This review will present one of the newly characterized mechanisms that emerged with genomic and proteomic development that led to brain ischemia to a new level of post-ischemic neuropathological mechanisms, such as the presence of amyloid plaques and the development of neurofibrillary tangles, which further exacerbate oxidative stress. Finally, we hypothesize that modified amyloid and the tau protein, along with the oxidative stress generated, are new key elements in the vicious circle important in the development of post-ischemic neurodegeneration in a type of Alzheimer’s disease proteinopathy.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors summarize the recent advancements in low-oxygen hormesis with a focus on severe hypoxia and anoxia, and present a glimpse at the known mechanism of this type of hormesis.
6 citations
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2,070 citations
TL;DR: Evidence from the literature shows that not only has growth hormesis been observed in a range of taxa after exposure to a variety of agents, but also that the dose-response data have a consistent form.
660 citations
University of Massachusetts Amherst1, University of Toledo2, Miami University3, Food and Drug Administration4, Yale University5, University of Louisville6, University of Western Ontario7, Taipei Medical University8, University of Rochester9, University of South Florida10, Eli Lilly and Company11, United States Department of Agriculture12, University of Düsseldorf13, Harvard University14, College of the Holy Cross15, University of Colorado Boulder16, Michigan State University17, Indiana University18, Jilin University19, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio20, University of Louisiana at Monroe21, McMaster University22, RTI International23, University of Florida24, Kansas State University25, University of California, Irvine26, University of Michigan27, Aarhus University28, North Carolina State University29, Stanford University30, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute31, University of Wyoming32, University of Tasmania33, Binghamton University34, New York Medical College35, National Institutes of Health36
TL;DR: This article offers a set of recommendations that scientists believe can achieve greater conceptual harmony in dose-response terminology, as well as better understanding and communication across the broad spectrum of biological disciplines.
635 citations
TL;DR: Hormesis demands a reappraisal of the way risks are assessed for the first time in 25 years.
Abstract: Hormesis demands a reappraisal of the way risks are assessed.
612 citations
TL;DR: Compared with that limited to early life or involving most of the life span on physical, metabolic, and longevity characteristics, food restriction does not act by reducing the intake of calories or other nutrient per gram of body mass, a finding not in accord with classic views.
Abstract: The aims of this research were (a) to compare food restriction initiated in adult life of male Fischer 344 rats with that limited to early life or involving most of the life span on physical, metabolic, and longevity characteristics and (b) to study a similar level of protein restriction without caloric restriction on these characteristics. Food restriction (60% of the ad libitum intake) initiated at 6 months of age markedly increased life span as did a similar restriction started at 6 weeks of age, but food restriction limited to early life (6 weeks to 6 months of age) and protein restriction caused only a small increase in longevity. Food restriction does not act by reducing the intake of calories or other nutrient per gram of body mass, a finding not in accord with classic views. A progressive decrease in spontaneous locomotive activity with age occurred in ad libitum fed but not restricted rats.
587 citations