How can the brain's resting state activity generate hallucinations? A ‘resting state hypothesis’ of auditory verbal hallucinations

doi:10.1016/J.SCHRES.2010.11.009

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How can the brain's resting state activity generate hallucinations? A ‘resting state hypothesis’ of auditory verbal hallucinations

Journal Article•DOI•

How can the brain's resting state activity generate hallucinations? A ‘resting state hypothesis’ of auditory verbal hallucinations

01 Apr 2011-Schizophrenia Research (Elsevier)-Vol. 127, Iss: 1, pp 202-214

TL;DR: The 'resting state hypotheses' of AVH suggest that AVH may be traced back to abnormally elevated resting state activity in auditory cortex itself, abnormal modulation of the auditory cortex by anterior cortical midline regions as part of the default-mode network, and neural confusion between auditory cortical resting state changes and stimulus-induced activity.

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About: This article is published in Schizophrenia Research.The article was published on 2011-04-01. It has received 173 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Resting state fMRI & Auditory cortex.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Default Mode Network Activity and Connectivity in Psychopathology

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Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli¹, Judith M. Ford²•Institutions (2)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology¹, University of California, San Francisco²

29 Mar 2012-Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

TL;DR: Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed that the DMN in the healthy brain is associated with stimulus-independent thought and self-reflection and that greater suppression of theDMN isassociated with better performance on attention-demanding tasks.

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Abstract: Neuropsychiatric disorders are associated with abnormal function of the default mode network (DMN), a distributed network of brain regions more active during rest than during performance of many attention-demanding tasks and characterized by a high degree of functional connectivity (i.e., temporal correlations between brain regions). Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have revealed that the DMN in the healthy brain is associated with stimulus-independent thought and self-reflection and that greater suppression of the DMN is associated with better performance on attention-demanding tasks. In schizophrenia and depression, the DMN is often found to be hyperactivated and hyperconnected. In schizophrenia this may relate to overly intensive self-reference and impairments in attention and working memory. In depression, DMN hyperactivity may be related to negative rumination. These findings are considered in terms of what is known about psychological functions supported by the DMN, and alteration of the DMN in other neuropsychiatric disorders.

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1,137 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Mindfulness: top-down or bottom-up emotion regulation strategy?

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Alberto Chiesa¹, Alessandro Serretti¹, Janus Christian Jakobsen²•Institutions (2)

University of Bologna¹, Copenhagen University Hospital²

01 Feb 2013-Clinical Psychology Review

TL;DR: It is suggested that mindfulness training is associated with 'top-down' emotion regulation in short-term practitioners and with 'bottom-up' emotionregulation in long-term practice andLimitations of current evidence and suggestions for future research on this topic are discussed.

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358 citations

Cites background from "How can the brain's resting state a..."

...These regions show a specific temporally coherent network of brainwave patterns in the ‘resting’ state of the brain (Buckner & Vincent, 2007; Northoff & Qin, 2011) while many of the DMN regions show reduced activity during externally stimulus-induced brain activity (Buckner & Vincent, 2007;…...
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...…a specific temporally coherent network of brainwave patterns in the ‘resting’ state of the brain (Buckner & Vincent, 2007; Northoff & Qin, 2011) while many of the DMN regions show reduced activity during externally stimulus-induced brain activity (Buckner & Vincent, 2007; Northoff & Qin, 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Differences in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging functional network connectivity between schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar probands and their unaffected first-degree relatives.

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Shashwath A. Meda¹, Adrienne Gill¹, Michael C. Stevens², Michael C. Stevens¹, Raymond P. Lorenzoni¹, David C. Glahn¹, David C. Glahn², Vince D. Calhoun, John A. Sweeney³, John A. Sweeney⁴, Carol A. Tamminga³, Matcheri S. Keshavan⁵, Gunvant K. Thaker⁶, Godfrey D. Pearlson¹, Godfrey D. Pearlson² - Show less +11 more•Institutions (6)

Hartford Hospital¹, Yale University², University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center³, University of Illinois at Chicago⁴, Harvard University⁵, University of Maryland, Baltimore⁶

15 May 2012-Biological Psychiatry

TL;DR: Schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar probands share several abnormal resting state network connections, but there are also unique neural network underpinnings between disorders.

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250 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Default Mode Network and Recurrent Depression: A Neurobiological Model of Cognitive Risk Factors

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Igor Marchetti¹, Ernst H. W. Koster¹, Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke¹, Rudi De Raedt¹•Institutions (1)

Ghent University¹

09 May 2012-Neuropsychology Review

TL;DR: The TN-TP imbalance is proposed as overarching neural mechanism involved in crucial cognitive risk factors for recurrent depression, namely rumination, impaired attentional control, and cognitive reactivity.

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Abstract: A neurobiological account of cognitive vulnerability for recurrent depression is presented based on recent developments of resting state neural networks. We propose that alterations in the interplay between task positive (TP) and task negative (TN) elements of the Default Mode Network (DMN) act as a neurobiological risk factor for recurrent depression mediated by cognitive mechanisms. In the framework, depression is characterized by an imbalance between TN-TP components leading to an overpowering of TP by TN activity. The TN-TP imbalance is associated with a dysfunctional internally-focused cognitive style as well as a failure to attenuate TN activity in the transition from rest to task. Thus we propose the TN-TP imbalance as overarching neural mechanism involved in crucial cognitive risk factors for recurrent depression, namely rumination, impaired attentional control, and cognitive reactivity. During remission the TN-TP imbalance persists predisposing to vulnerability of recurrent depression. Empirical data to support this model is reviewed. Finally, we specify how this framework can guide future research efforts.

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246 citations

Cites background from "How can the brain's resting state a..."

...DMN dysregulation has been implicated in a range of psychiatric disorders (Broyd et al. 2009), such as, for instance, depression and schizophrenia (e.g. Bar 2009b; Northoff and Qin 2011; Northoff et al. 2011; Pizzagalli 2011; Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford 2012)....
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...2009), such as, for instance, depression and schizophrenia (e.g. Bar 2009b; Northoff and Qin 2011; Northoff et al. 2011; Pizzagalli 2011; Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford 2012)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A systematic literature review of resting state network--functional MRI in bipolar disorder.

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Cristian Vargas¹, Carlos López-Jaramillo¹, Eduard Vieta²•Institutions (2)

University of Antioquia¹, University of Barcelona²

25 Sep 2013-Journal of Affective Disorders

TL;DR: Despite the variation among the results of the reviewed papers, they all support the cortico-limbic hypothesis and suggest that connectivity can be more complex and that intra-regional disturbances should also be studied.

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219 citations

Cites background from "How can the brain's resting state a..."

...In schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder some authors have even proposed hypotheses about neural mechanisms underlying hallucinations and insight, based on DMN studies (Madre et al., 2013; Northoff and Qin, 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A default mode of brain function.

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Marcus E. Raichle¹, Ann Mary MacLeod¹, Abraham Z. Snyder¹, William J. Powers, Debra A. Gusnard¹, Gordon L. Shulman¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

16 Jan 2001-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

TL;DR: A baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF is identified, suggesting the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

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Abstract: A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

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10,708 citations

"How can the brain's resting state a..." refers background in this paper

..., 2001), many of the DMN regions show negative signal changes in fMRI, so-called task-induced deactivation (TID), during stimulus-induced activity (Buckner et al., 2008; Gusnard et al., 2001; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...While showing high activity in the resting state (Raichle et al., 2001), many of the DMN regions show negative signal changes in fMRI, so-called task-induced deactivation (TID), during stimulus-induced activity (Buckner et al....
[...]
...cortex and often also the hippocampus (Buckner et al., 2008; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...While showing high activity in the resting state (Raichle et al., 2001), many of the DMN regions show negative signal changes in fMRI, so-called task-induced deactivation (TID), during stimulus-induced activity (Buckner et al., 2008; Gusnard et al., 2001; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...…actions, emotions and thoughts are experienced estranged from and not belonging to oneself as if they are made by somebody else (see also Schneider 1959 who subsumed them under the concept of first-rank symptoms). cortex and often also the hippocampus (Buckner et al., 2008; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

[...]

Randy L. Buckner, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna¹, Daniel L. Schacter¹•Institutions (1)

Harvard University¹

01 Mar 2008-Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

TL;DR: Past observations are synthesized to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment, and for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease.

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Abstract: Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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8,448 citations

"How can the brain's resting state a..." refers background in this paper

..., 2001), many of the DMN regions show negative signal changes in fMRI, so-called task-induced deactivation (TID), during stimulus-induced activity (Buckner et al., 2008; Gusnard et al., 2001; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...The DMN includes various regions like the anterior and posterior cortical midline structures as well as the lateral parietal cortex and the hippocampus (Buckner et al., 2008; Raichle et al., 1. orthoff), All rights reserved....
[...]
...cortex and often also the hippocampus (Buckner et al., 2008; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...While showing high activity in the resting state (Raichle et al., 2001), many of the DMN regions show negative signal changes in fMRI, so-called task-induced deactivation (TID), during stimulus-induced activity (Buckner et al., 2008; Gusnard et al., 2001; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]
...…actions, emotions and thoughts are experienced estranged from and not belonging to oneself as if they are made by somebody else (see also Schneider 1959 who subsumed them under the concept of first-rank symptoms). cortex and often also the hippocampus (Buckner et al., 2008; Raichle et al., 2001)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: Relation to a default mode of brain function

[...]

Debra A. Gusnard¹, Erbil Akbudak, Gordon L. Shulman, Marcus E. Raichle•Institutions (1)

Washington University in St. Louis¹

27 Mar 2001-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

TL;DR: The presence of self-referential mental activity appears to be associated with increases from the baseline in dorsal MPFC, and reductions in ventral MPFC occurred consistent with the fact that attention-demanding tasks attenuate emotional processing.

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Abstract: Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is among those brain regions having the highest baseline metabolic activity at rest and one that exhibits decreases from this baseline across a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors in functional imaging studies. This high metabolic rate and this behavior suggest the existence of an organized mode of default brain function, elements of which may be either attenuated or enhanced. Extant data suggest that these MPFC regions may contribute to the neural instantiation of aspects of the multifaceted “self.” We explore this important concept by targeting and manipulating elements of MPFC default state activity. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, subjects made two judgments, one self-referential, the other not, in response to affectively normed pictures: pleasant vs. unpleasant (an internally cued condition, ICC) and indoors vs. outdoors (an externally cued condition, ECC). The ICC was preferentially associated with activity increases along the dorsal MPFC. These increases were accompanied by decreases in both active task conditions in ventral MPFC. These results support the view that dorsal and ventral MPFC are differentially influenced by attentiondemanding tasks and explicitly self-referential tasks. The presence of self-referential mental activity appears to be associated with increases from the baseline in dorsal MPFC. Reductions in ventral MPFC occurred consistent with the fact that attention-demanding tasks attenuate emotional processing. We posit that both self-referential mental activity and emotional processing represent elements of the default state as represented by activity in MPFC. We suggest that a useful way to explore the neurobiology of the self is to explore the nature of default state activity.

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2,844 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Self-referential processing in our brain--a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self.

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Georg Northoff¹, Alexander Heinzel², Moritz de Greck³, Felix Bermpohl⁴, Felix Bermpohl¹, Henrik Dobrowolny³, Jaak Panksepp⁵ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (5)

Harvard University¹, University of Düsseldorf², Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg³, Charité⁴, Washington State University⁵

15 May 2006-NeuroImage

TL;DR: It is concluded that self-referential processing in CMS constitutes the core of the authors' self and is critical for elaborating experiential feelings of self, uniting several distinct concepts evident in current neuroscience.

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2,345 citations

"How can the brain's resting state a..." refers background in this paper

...The DMN and especially the anterior and posterior medial regions are well known to be involved in processing the degree of selfrelatedness or personal relevance of external stimuli (Enzi et al., 2009; Northoff et al., 2006)....
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...The CMS describe a set of regions in the midline of the brain including the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, the ventro- and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the medial parietal cortex, the precuneus and the retrosplenium (Northoff et al., 2006)....
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...The strong and often reported showing of the anterior and posterior midline regions in paradigm probing for self-relatedness has led to the concept of cortical midline structures (CMS) (Northoff and Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff et al., 2006)....
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...There are different concepts of self discussed ranging from a bodily- protoself over a mental self to an autobiographical self (see Northoff et al., 2006 for an overview)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.

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Risto Näätänen¹, Risto Näätänen², Petri Paavilainen², Teemu Rinne², Kimmo Alho² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

University of Tartu¹, University of Helsinki²

01 Dec 2007-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: The mismatch negativity (MMN) enables one to establish the brain processes underlying the initiation of attention switch to, conscious perception of, sound change in an unattended stimulus stream.

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2,104 citations

"How can the brain's resting state a..." refers background in this paper

...While the MMN is primarily an auditory potential (Naatanen et al., 2007), it is a matter of debate whether potentials analogue to the MMN also occur in other sensory modalities as for instance in visual and somatosensory modalities (Garrido et al....
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...While the MMN is primarily an auditory potential (Naatanen et al., 2007), it is a matter of debate whether potentials analogue to the MMN also occur in other sensory modalities as for instance in visual and somatosensory modalities (Garrido et al., 2009)....
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