How Do People View Multi-Component Animated Maps?

doi:10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000049

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How Do People View Multi-Component Animated Maps?

Journal Article•DOI•

How Do People View Multi-Component Animated Maps?

Tomasz Opach¹, Izabela Gołębiowska¹, Sara Irina Fabrikant•Institutions (1)

University of Warsaw¹

20 Nov 2014-Cartographic Journal (Taylor & Francis)-Vol. 51, Iss: 4, pp 330-342

TL;DR: It is found that component size, and employed dynamic variables attracted users’ attention most, and component layout design issues that should be further examined empirically, in order to reduce potential split attention effects.

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Abstract: Quite a few examples in the cartographic and information visualisation literature suggest that multi-component animated maps may be appropriate for examining complex spatio-temporal phenomena. Such space–time visualisations typically consist of multiple dynamic map or data windows, linked by means of interactive tools. Little empirical evidence exists, however, providing support of the potential advantages of such complex visual space–time displays. This research aimed at filling this gap. An empirical study was carried out to obtain insight on how multi-component animated maps are used to explore dynamic spatio-temporal phenomena. We examined which particular components attract users’ attention and in what sequence, and whether display effectiveness can be characterized by users’ viewing behaviours. Based on behavioural data collected with the eye-tracking method, we find that component size, and employed dynamic variables attracted users’ attention most. We are also able to identify visual behaviour patterns that result in performance differences between participants, using multi-component animated map. Finally, we highlight component layout design issues that should be further examined empirically, in order to reduce potential split attention effects.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Visualization of Eye Tracking Data: A Taxonomy and Survey

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Tanja Blascheck¹, Kuno Kurzhals¹, Michael Raschke¹, Michael Burch¹, Daniel Weiskopf¹, Thomas Ertl¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

University of Stuttgart¹

01 Dec 2017-Computer Graphics Forum

TL;DR: This survey provides an introduction into eye tracking visualization with an overview of existing techniques and identified challenges that have to be tackled in the future so that visualizations will become even more widely applied in eye tracking research.

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Abstract: This survey provides an introduction into eye tracking visualization with an overview of existing techniques. Eye tracking is important for evaluating user behaviour. Analysing eye tracking data is typically done quantitatively, applying statistical methods. However, in recent years, researchers have been increasingly using qualitative and exploratory analysis methods based on visualization techniques. For this state-of-the-art report, we investigated about 110 research papers presenting visualization techniques for eye tracking data. We classified these visualization techniques and identified two main categories: point-based methods and methods based on areas of interest. Additionally, we conducted an expert review asking leading eye tracking experts how they apply visualization techniques in their analysis of eye tracking data. Based on the experts' feedback, we identified challenges that have to be tackled in the future so that visualizations will become even more widely applied in eye tracking research.

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173 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Eye tracking for spatial research: Cognition, computation, challenges

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Peter Kiefer¹, Ioannis Giannopoulos¹, Martin Raubal¹, Andrew T. Duchowski²•Institutions (2)

ETH Zurich¹, Clemson University²

17 Jan 2017-Spatial Cognition and Computation

TL;DR: An overview of the most recent literature advancing and utilizing eye-tracking methodology in these fields is provided, the research articles in this Special Issue are introduced, and challenges and opportunities for future research are discussed.

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Abstract: Spatial information acquisition happens in large part through the visual sense. Studying visual attention and its connection to cognitive processes has been the interest of many research efforts in...

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141 citations

Cites background from "How Do People View Multi-Component ..."

...…of two main purposes: (1) determining how an animation needs to be designed in order to effectively attract attention (e.g., regarding timing, Krassanakis et al., 2016, or regarding visual design, Dong et al., 2014), or (2) investigating how map viewers understand animations (Opach et al., 2014)....
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..., 2014), or (2) investigating how map viewers understand animations (Opach et al., 2014)....
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Book•

Geographic Information Retrieval: Progress and Challenges in Spatial Search of Text

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Ross S. Purves¹, Paul Clough², Christopher B. Jones³, Mark M. Hall⁴, Vanessa Murdock⁵ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (5)

University of Zurich¹, University of Sheffield², Cardiff University³, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg⁴, Microsoft⁵

21 Feb 2018

TL;DR: The field of Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) is described that seeks to develop spatially-aware search systems and support user’s geographical information needs and key remaining research challenges in GIR are identified.

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Abstract: Significant amounts of information available today contain references to places on earth. Traditionally such information has been held as structured data and was the concern of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). However, increasing amounts of data in the form of unstructured text are available for indexing and retrieval that also contain spatial references. This monograph describes the field of Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) that seeks to develop spatially-aware search systems and support user’s geographical information needs. Important concepts with respect to storing, querying and analysing geographical information in computers are introduced, before user needs and interaction in the context of GIR are explored. The task of associating documents with coordinates, prior to their indexing and ranking forms the core of any GIR system, and different approaches and their implications are discussed. Evaluating the resulting systems and their components, and different paradigms for doing so continue to be an important area of research in GIR and are illustrated through a number of examples. The article concludes by setting out a range of future challenges for research in this field.

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76 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Survey on geographic visual display techniques in epidemiology: Taxonomy and characterization

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Lilian Lee Yen Wei¹, Ag Asri Ag Ibrahim¹, Kashif Nisar¹, Kashif Nisar², Zamhar Iswandono Awang Ismail¹, Ian Welch² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

Universiti Malaysia Sabah¹, Victoria University of Wellington²

01 Jun 2020-Journal of Industrial Information Integration

TL;DR: This paper will classify each category by their techniques and tasks that contribute to the significance of data representation in Geographic Visual Display and develop perspectives of each area and evaluating trends of Geographic Visual display Techniques.

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21 citations

Cites background from "How Do People View Multi-Component ..."

...Opach [71] agreed that multi-component dynamic cartographic displays (MCDCD), seem to be an appropriate way in analyzing complex, multivariate, spatial-temporal data as in provides main map window with subs display components offering secondary views on the same data....
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...making tasks the MCDCD should support [71]....
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...Multi-component dynamic cartographic displays (MCDCDs) could be effective to depict spatial-temporal phenomena, but need to be carefully designed as it may cause split attention and misinterpretation when too many information presented in single display [71]....
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...Today, the use of modern visualization technology offers many new prospects to explore, understand, and communicate spatial phenomenon [71]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Searching for the ‘Right’ Legend: The Impact of Legend Position on Legend Decoding in a Cartographic Memory Task

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Dennis Edler¹, Julian Keil¹, Marie-Christin Tuller¹, Anne-Kathrin Bestgen¹, Frank Dickmann¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Ruhr University Bochum¹

02 Jan 2020-Cartographic Journal

TL;DR: The question of how to style map legends is a topic which has often been addressed by cartographic academics and practi... as mentioned in this paper, which is a key element of thematic maps and cartographic communication.

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Abstract: Map legends are key elements of thematic maps and cartographic communication. The question of how to style map legends is a topic which has often been addressed by cartographic academics and practi...

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21 citations

Cites background from "How Do People View Multi-Component ..."

...In addition to a pioneering study on animated legends by Kraak et al. (1997), several studies also consider a spatiotemporal dimension of legend design in interactive and animated maps (e.g. Peterson, 1999; Jenny et al., 2009; Opach et al., 2014)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

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Keith Rayner¹•Institutions (1)

University of Massachusetts Amherst¹

01 Nov 1998-Psychological Bulletin

TL;DR: The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined.

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Abstract: Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.

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6,656 citations

"How Do People View Multi-Component ..." refers background in this paper

...Although methodological aspects of the eye tracking technique have been widely presented in literature (Rayner, 1998; Duchowski, 2007; Nielsen and Pernice, 2010), there is still a shortage of clear methodological guidelines for conducting eye movement research on cartographic displays (Opach, 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Computational modelling of visual attention.

[...]

Laurent Itti¹, Christof Koch²•Institutions (2)

University of Southern California¹, California Institute of Technology²

01 Mar 2001-Nature Reviews Neuroscience

TL;DR: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment, providing a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.

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Abstract: Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique 'saliency map' that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention.

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4,485 citations

"How Do People View Multi-Component ..." refers background in this paper

...The outcomes revealed that when viewing the animation the first time, with a visual attention guided mainly by a bottom-up saliency map (Itti and Koch, 2001; Navalpakkam and Itti, 2005), participants tended to focus their attention on the largest animated component, but also on other display’s…...
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...Visual attention is guided by a bottom-up saliency map, and top-down task relevance of all locations in the viewed scene (Itti and Koch, 2001; Navalpakkam and Itti, 2005)....
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...Thus, their visual attention was guided more by a bottomup saliency map, than by a top-down task relevance (Itti and Koch, 2001; Navalpakkam and Itti, 2005)....
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...Several visual features, known in cartography as Bertin’s visual variables, influence a feature’s saliency in the visual scene, such as colour, intensity, orientation (Itti and Koch, 2001) and movement (Andrade et al. 2002)....
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...According to the ‘winner-takes-all’ principle (Itti and Koch, 2001), the map reader selects one object with the highest visual priority which is then cognitively processed....
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Book•

Eye Movements and Vision

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A. L. I͡Arbus

01 Sep 1967

3,474 citations

"How Do People View Multi-Component ..." refers methods in this paper

...We chose this so-called free examination task (Yarbus, 1967) as it enables to gain insights on how users intuitively direct their attention to the various...
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Book•

Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice

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Andrew T. Duchowski

22 Dec 2012

TL;DR: To the Human Visual System (HVS), Visual Attention, Neurological Substrate of the HVS, and Neuroscience and Psychology, and Industrial Engineering and Human Factors.

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Abstract: to the Human Visual System (HVS).- Visual Attention.- Neurological Substrate of the HVS.- Visual Psychophysics.- Taxonomy and Models of Eye Movements.- Eye Tracking Systems.- Eye Tracking Techniques.- Head-Mounted System Hardware Installation.- Head-Mounted System Software Development.- Head-Mounted System Calibration.- Table-Mounted System Hardware Installation.- Table-Mounted System Software Development.- Table-Mounted System Calibration.- Eye Movement Analysis.- Eye Tracking Methodology.- Experimental Design.- Suggested Empirical Guidelines.- Case Studies.- Eye Tracking Applications.- Diversity and Types of Eye Tracking Applications.- Neuroscience and Psychology.- Industrial Engineering and Human Factors.- Marketing/Advertising.- Computer Science.- Conclusion.

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2,399 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it

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Jeremy M. Wolfe¹, Todd S. Horowitz¹•Institutions (1)

Brigham and Women's Hospital¹

01 Jun 2004-Nature Reviews Neuroscience

TL;DR: As you drive into the centre of town, cars and trucks approach from several directions, and pedestrians swarm into the intersection, the wind blows a newspaper into the gutter and a pigeon does something unexpected on your windshield.

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Abstract: As you drive into the centre of town, cars and trucks approach from several directions, and pedestrians swarm into the intersection. The wind blows a newspaper into the gutter and a pigeon does something unexpected on your windshield. This would be a demanding and stressful situation, but you would probably make it to the other side of town without mishap. Why is this situation taxing, and how do you cope?

...read moreread less

1,658 citations

"How Do People View Multi-Component ..." refers background in this paper

...…attention on the static ‘Land cover’ component is convergent with the finding that animations grab user’s attention more compared to static images (Wolfe and Horowitz, 2004), there is no clear explanation why users spent more of their attention on looking at the ‘Wind speed and direction’…...
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...Additionally, the fact that the static map ‘Land cover’ yielded half the fixation duration, than the equally-sized animated map presenting the wind characteristics, suggests that motion, as predicted in the literature (Wolfe and Horowitz, 2004), indeed attracted viewers’ attention....
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...that motion, as predicted in the literature (Wolfe and Horowitz, 2004), indeed attracted viewers’ attention....
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...Motion turned out to be indeed attention grabbing and a perceptually salient feature in a map display as Wolfe and Horowitz (2004) suggest....
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...While our finding about the lower attention on the static ‘Land cover’ component is convergent with the finding that animations grab user’s attention more compared to static images (Wolfe and Horowitz, 2004), there is no clear explanation why users spent more of their attention on looking at the ‘Wind speed and direction’ component....
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