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Journal Article•DOI•

How Much is Too Much? The Development and Validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale

Heather A. Hausenblas1, Danielle Symons Downs1•
University of Florida1
01 Jan 2002-Psychology & Health (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 17, Iss: 4, pp 387-404
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present five studies with 2,420 total participants on the development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), which is conceptualized based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for substance dependence, and differentiates among at-risk, nondependent-symptomatic, and non-asymptomatic exercisers.
Abstract: This paper presents five studies with 2,420 total participants on the development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), which is conceptualized based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV (APA, 1994) criteria for substance dependence, and differentiates among at-risk, nondependent-symptomatic, and nondependent-asymptomatic exercisers. Results of the studies revealed evidence for the a priori hypothesized components, acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliability, and content and concurrent validity of the EDS. Individuals at-risk for exercise dependence reported more strenuous exercise, perfectionism, and self-efficacy compared to the nondependent groups. The findings provide initial support for the EDS and indicate the need for a multifaceted approach to its conceptualization and measurement.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale

[...]

Ashley N. Gearhardt1, William R. Corbin1, Kelly D. Brownell1•
Yale University1
01 Apr 2009-Appetite
TL;DR: The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is a sound tool for identifying eating patterns that are similar to behaviors seen in classic areas of addiction, and predicted binge-eating behavior above and beyond existing measures of eating pathology, demonstrating incremental validity.

1,049 citations

Cites methods from "How Much is Too Much? The Developme..."

  • ...The content of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is composed of questions based upon substance dependence criteria in the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association [DSM-IV-TR], 2000) and scales used to assess behavioral addictions, such as gambling, exercise, and sex, including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), the Exercise Dependence Scale (Hausenblas & Downs, 2002), and the Carnes’ Sexual Addiction Screening Tool (Carnes, 1989)....

    [...]

  • ...…[DSM-IV-TR], 2000) and scales used to assess behavioral addictions, such as gambling, exercise, and sex, including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur & Blume, 1987), the Exercise Dependence Scale (Hausenblas & Downs, 2002), and the Carnes’ Sexual Addiction Screening Tool (Carnes, 1989)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
High impact running improves learning

[...]

Bernward Winter1, Caterina Breitenstein1, Frank C. Mooren2, Klaus Voelker, Manfred Fobker, Anja Lechtermann, Karsten Krueger2, A Fromme, Catharina Korsukewitz1, Agnes Flöel1, Stefan Knecht1 •
University of Münster1, University of Giessen2
01 May 2007-Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
TL;DR: BDNF and two of the catecholamines seem to be mediators by which physical exercise improves learning, and vocabulary learning was 20 percent faster after intense physical exercise as compared to the other two conditions.

702 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019).

[...]

Claudia L. Reardon1, Brian Hainline2, Cindy Miller Aron, David Baron3, Antonia L Baum4, Abhinav Bindra, Richard Budgett5, Niccolo Campriani5, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia6, Alan Currie, Jeffrey L. Derevensky7, Ira D. Glick8, Paul Gorczynski9, Vincent Gouttebarge10, Michael A. Grandner11, Doug Hyun Han12, David R. McDuff13, Margo Mountjoy14, Aslihan Polat15, Rosemary Purcell, Margot Putukian16, Margot Putukian17, Simon M Rice, Allen K. Sills18, Todd Stull19, Leslie Swartz20, Li Jing Zhu, Lars Engebretsen •
University of Wisconsin-Madison1, Philippines National Collegiate Athletic Association2, Western University of Health Sciences3, George Washington University4, International Olympic Committee5, University of São Paulo6, McGill University7, Stanford University8, University of Portsmouth9, University of Amsterdam10, University of Arizona11, Chung-Ang University12, University of Maryland, Baltimore13, McMaster University14, Kocaeli University15, Rutgers University16, Princeton University17, Vanderbilt University Medical Center18, University of Nebraska–Lincoln19, Stellenbosch University20
01 Jun 2019-British Journal of Sports Medicine
TL;DR: To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.
Abstract: Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Diagnosis must differentiate character traits particular to elite athletes from psychosocial maladaptations.Management strategies should address all contributors to mental health symptoms and consider biopsychosocial factors relevant to athletes to maximise benefit and minimise harm. Management must involve both treatment of affected individual athletes and optimising environments in which all elite athletes train and compete. To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.

513 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool

[...]

Annabel Terry1, Attila Szabo1, Mark D. Griffiths1•
Nottingham Trent University1
01 Oct 2004-Addiction Research & Theory
TL;DR: In this article, Griffiths et al. developed a psychometric instrument (the Exercise Addiction Inventory, EAI) capable of identifying people at risk from exercise addiction, which is a short form inventory that would be quick and simple to administer.
Abstract: Many attempts have been made to define and measure problem exercising but there has not been any successful attempt to produce a psychometrically sound assessment instrument. The aim of the present study was to develop a psychometric instrument (the Exercise Addiction Inventory, EAI) capable of identifying people at risk from exercise addiction. The intention was to develop a short form inventory that would be quick and simple to administer. The EAI was operationalised using the components of behavioural addiction proposed by Griffiths (Griffiths, M.D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: an issue for everybody? Journal of Workplace Learning, 8(3), 19–25). The study presents the psychometric properties of the EAI, which are manifested in very good internal reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity. It is concluded that the EAI could be a valid and reliable instrument capable of quickly and easily identifying individuals at risk from exercise addiction.

386 citations

Cites background or methods from "How Much is Too Much? The Developme..."

  • ...Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ) (Pasman and Thompson, 1988) modified from the Obligatory Running Questionnaire (Blumenthal et al., 1984) is a frequently used standardised questionnaire ( Hausenblas and Symons Downs, 2001 ) and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire have been well established (Coen and Ogles, 1993)....

    [...]

  • ...More recently, Hausenblas and Symons Downs (2001, 2002b) have developed the...

    [...]

  • ...The Exercise Dependence Scale ( Hausenblas and Symons Downs, 2001 ) identified 2.5% of the sample as being exercise dependent....

    [...]

  • ...The psychometric properties of the measure were examined through statistical tests and cross-validation against two existing measurement tools: the Obligatory Exercise Scale (Thompson and Pasman, 1991) and the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale ( Hausenblas and Symons Downs, 2001 ) which are conceptually similar but are impractical (taking a long time to administer), more complicated to score, and difficult to use as a screening tool in ......

    [...]

  • ...The EDS claims to measure exercise dependence, which is described as a craving for exercise that results in uncontrollable excessive physical activity and manifests in physiological symptoms, psychological symptoms, or both ( Hausenblas and Symons Downs, 2001 )....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Physical activity and behavioral medicine.

[...]

Norman Anderssen1•
University of Bergen1
01 May 1999-Journal of Health Psychology
TL;DR: In this age of AIDS, when there is a reactionary tendency to moralize and pathologize sexual behavior, Turner’s work is a welcome contribution to prevention research and a reminder to us all about the importance of understanding sex in all its complexity.
Abstract: such analysis was offered. This was particularly surprising since the gay community of West Hollywood is demarcated in part by race and class boundaries. The sample itself was overwhelmingly white; and although there was an attempt to locate the case study presentations inside the history of the epidemic, the unmentioned point of reference seemed to be white middle-class gay male culture. White middleclass gay men have and continue to be the normative point of reference in sexuality and prevention research with gay male populations. What Turner lacks in analysis he makes up in his wonderful descriptions of gay male sexuality. In the end, Risky Sex is a passionate testimonial to the beauty of gay male sex and the power of personal agency. We come to understand anal sex without a condom as a natural extension of the particular psychosexual histories of individual gay men. In this respect, when men engage in risky sex, it is not because they are somehow deficient, or that there is something inherently wrong with them. It is because there is something inherently human about gay sex. And in this age of AIDS, when there is a reactionary tendency to moralize and pathologize sexual behavior, Turner’s work is a welcome contribution to prevention research and a reminder to us all about the importance of understanding sex in all its complexity.

343 citations

References
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Reference Entry•DOI•
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

[...]

Janet B. W. Williams
11 Jun 2013

113,134 citations

Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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Charles D. Spielberger, Richard L. Gorsuch, R. E. Lushene
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: The STAI as mentioned in this paper is an indicator of two types of anxiety, the state and trait anxiety, and measure the severity of the overall anxiety level, which is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth grade reading level.
Abstract: The STAI serves as an indicator of two types of anxiety, the state and trait anxiety, and measure the severity of the overall anxiety level.The STAI, which is appropriate for those who have at least a sixth grade reading level, contains four-point Likert items. The instrument is divided into two sections, each having twenty questions. Approximately 15 minutes are required for adults to complete the both STAI. The number on the scale is positively correlated to the anxiety related to in the question.

24,997 citations

Psychometric Theory (2nd ed), New York: McGraw-Hill.

[...]

JC Nunnally
01 Jan 1978

13,810 citations

"How Much is Too Much? The Developme..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…of five independent studies (i.e., individuals participated in only one study) because scale development and psychometric analysis represents an ongoing process of instrument and theory verification that is demonstrated through a series of investigations (Aiken, 1998; Duda, 1998; Nunnally, 1978)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
The dimensions of perfectionism.

[...]

Randy O. Frost1, Patricia Marten1, Cathleen Lahart1, Robin Rosenblate1•
Smith College1
01 Oct 1990-Cognitive Therapy and Research
TL;DR: In this article, a multidimensional measure was developed and several hypotheses regarding the nature of perfectionism were tested in four separate studies; the major dimension of this measure was excessive concern over making mistakes, and five other dimensions were identified, including high personal standards, the perception of high parental expectations, the perceived negative parent criticism, doubting of the quality of one's actions, and a preference for order and organization.
Abstract: Perfectionism is a major diagnostic criterion for one DSM-III diagnosis, and it has been hypothesized to play a major role in a wide variety of psychopathologies. Yet there is no precise definition of, and there is a paucity of research on, this construct. Based on what has been theorized about perfectionism, a multidimensional measure was developed and several hypotheses regarding the nature of perfectionism were tested in four separate studies. The major dimension of this measure was excessive concern over making mistakes. Five other dimensions were identified, including high personal standards, the perception of high parental expectations, the perception of high parental criticism, the doubting of the quality of one's actions, and a preference for order and organization. Perfectionism and certain of its subscales were correlated with a wide variety of psychopathological symptoms. There was also an association between perfectionism and procrastination. Several subscales of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), personal standards and organization, were associated with positive achievement striving and work habits. The MPS was highly correlated with one of the existing measures of perfectionism. Two other existing measures were only moderately correlated with the MPS and with each other. Future studies of perfectionism should take into account the multidimensional nature of the construct.

3,428 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires

[...]

David R. Jacobs1, Barbara E. Ainsworth1, Barbara E. Ainsworth2, Terryl J. Hartman1, Terryl J. Hartman2, Arthur S. Leon2, Arthur S. Leon1 •
University of Minnesota1, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill2
01 Jan 1993-Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
TL;DR: There are multiple, nonoverlapping dimensions of physical activity, reflected in multiple non overlapping validation realms, and most questionnaires were related to performance of heavy intensity physical activity and treadmill performance; these same questionnaires tended to be related to percent body fat.
Abstract: Ten commonly used physical activity questionnaires were evaluated for reliability and validity in 78 men and women aged 20–59, with varying physical activity habits. One month reliability was found to be high for all questionnaires except those pertaining only to the last week or month. Long

1,718 citations

"How Much is Too Much? The Developme..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The LTEQ is a reliable and valid measure of exercise behavior (Godin et al., 1986; Jacobs et al., 1993)....

    [...]

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Exercise dependence: a systematic review

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01 Apr 2002-Psychology of Sport and Exercise
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Factorial validity and psychometric examination of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised.

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01 Jan 2004-Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science
Danielle Symons Downs, Heather A. Hausenblas, Claudio R. Nigg
The exercise addiction inventory: a new brief screening tool

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01 Oct 2004-Addiction Research & Theory
Annabel Terry, Attila Szabo, Mark D. Griffiths
The Development and Validation of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire

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01 Jan 1997-Addiction Research
Jane Ogden, David Veale, Zelda Summers
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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