Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz flicker: resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena.
TL;DR: An experiment, where ten human subjects were presented flickering light at frequencies from 1 to 100 Hz in 1-Hz steps, and the event-related potentials exhibited steady-state oscillations at all frequencies up to at least 90 Hz, which could be a potential neural basis for gamma oscillations in binding experiments.
Abstract: The individual properties of visual objects, like form or color, are represented in different areas in our visual cortex. In order to perceive one coherent object, its features have to be bound together. This was found to be achieved in cat and monkey brains by temporal correlation of the firing rates of neurons which code the same object. This firing rate is predominantly observed in the gamma frequency range (approx. 30-80 Hz, mainly around 40 Hz). In addition, it has been shown in humans that stimuli which flicker at gamma frequencies are processed faster by our brains than when they flicker at different frequencies. These effects could be due to neural oscillators, which preferably oscillate at certain frequencies, so-called resonance frequencies. It is also known that neurons in visual cortex respond to flickering stimuli at the frequency of the flickering light. If neural oscillators exist with resonance frequencies, they should respond more strongly to stimulation with their resonance frequency. We performed an experiment, where ten human subjects were presented flickering light at frequencies from 1 to 100 Hz in 1-Hz steps. The event-related potentials exhibited steady-state oscillations at all frequencies up to at least 90 Hz. Interestingly, the steady-state potentials exhibited clear resonance phenomena around 10, 20, 40 and 80 Hz. This could be a potential neural basis for gamma oscillations in binding experiments. The pattern of results resembles that of multiunit activity and local field potentials in cat visual cortex.
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TL;DR: The general conclusion is that alpha ERS plays an active role for the inhibitory control and timing of cortical processing whereas ERD reflects the gradual release of inhibition associated with the emergence of complex spreading activation processes.
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TL;DR: It is suggested that alpha-band oscillations have two roles that are closely linked to two fundamental functions of attention (suppression and selection), which enable controlled knowledge access and semantic orientation (the ability to be consciously oriented in time, space, and context).
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TL;DR: The steady-state evoked activity, its properties, and the mechanisms behind SSVEP generation are investigated and future research directions related to basic and applied aspects of SSVEPs are outlined.
898 citations
Cites background or methods from "Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz fli..."
...This model might be extendable up to at least 100 Hz (Herrmann, 2001); there might be also more components yet to be discovered at higher frequencies....
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...First, flickering stimuli at very low frequencies ( 3 Hz) can elicit SSVEPs(5) (e.g., Regan and Regan, 1988; Herrmann, 2001; Krolak-Salmon et al., 2003; Vialatte et al., 2009a)....
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...A resonance phenomenon at the alpha rhythm’s fundamental and harmonic frequencies was observed (Herrmann, 2001); the frequency subsystems of SSVEPs (with peaks at 10, 20, 40, and 80 Hz) could be explained as an alpha range harmonic organization of the brain....
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...First, flickering stimuli at very low frequencies ( 3 Hz) can elicit SSVEPs5 (e.g., Regan and Regan, 1988; Herrmann, 2001; Krolak-Salmon et al., 2003; Vialatte et al., 2009a)....
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...Hermann conjectured that a link between alpha and gamma brain rhythms may exist because of this resonance phenomenon (Herrmann, 2001)....
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TL;DR: The purpose of this article is to describe the fundamental stimulation paradigms for steady-state visual evoked potentials and to illustrate these principles through research findings across a range of applications in vision science.
Abstract: Periodic visual stimulation and analysis of the resulting steady-state visual evoked potentials were first introduced over 80 years ago as a means to study visual sensation and perception. From the first single-channel recording of responses to modulated light to the present use of sophisticated digital displays composed of complex visual stimuli and high-density recording arrays, steady-state methods have been applied in a broad range of scientific and applied settings.The purpose of this article is to describe the fundamental stimulation paradigms for steady-state visual evoked potentials and to illustrate these principles through research findings across a range of applications in vision science.
875 citations
Cites background from "Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz fli..."
..., 2002; see also Regan & Regan, 1988), while SSVEP components at fundamental frequencies up to 100 Hz have been reported (Herrmann, 2001)....
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...…requirement for recording an SSVEP: Several studies have recorded extremely narrowband SSVEPs at very low frequencies (Alonso-Prieto et al., 2013; Norcia et al., 2002; see also Regan & Regan, 1988), while SSVEP components at fundamental frequencies up to 100 Hz have been reported (Herrmann, 2001)....
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TL;DR: This study presents an electroencephalogram-based BCI speller that can achieve information transfer rates (ITRs) up to 5.32 bits per second, the highest ITRs reported inBCI spellers using either noninvasive or invasive methods, and demonstrates that BCIs can provide a truly naturalistic high-speed communication channel using noninvasively recorded brain activities.
Abstract: The past 20 years have witnessed unprecedented progress in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, low communication rates remain key obstacles to BCI-based communication in humans. This study presents an electroencephalogram-based BCI speller that can achieve information transfer rates (ITRs) up to 5.32 bits per second, the highest ITRs reported in BCI spellers using either noninvasive or invasive methods. Based on extremely high consistency of frequency and phase observed between visual flickering signals and the elicited single-trial steady-state visual evoked potentials, this study developed a synchronous modulation and demodulation paradigm to implement the speller. Specifically, this study proposed a new joint frequency-phase modulation method to tag 40 characters with 0.5-s-long flickering signals and developed a user-specific target identification algorithm using individual calibration data. The speller achieved high ITRs in online spelling tasks. This study demonstrates that BCIs can provide a truly naturalistic high-speed communication channel using noninvasively recorded brain activities.
618 citations
References
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that neurons in spatially separate columns can synchronize their oscillatory responses, which has, on average, no phase difference, depends on the spatial separation and the orientation preference of the cells and is influenced by global stimulus properties.
Abstract: A FUNDAMENTAL step in visual pattern recognition is the establishment of relations between spatially separate features. Recently, we have shown that neurons in the cat visual cortex have oscillatory responses in the range 40–60 Hz (refs 1,2) which occur in synchrony for cells in a functional column and are tightly correlated with a local oscillatory field potential. This led us to hypothesize that the synchronization of oscillatory responses of spatially distributed, feature selective cells might be a way to establish relations between features in different parts of the visual field2,3. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate here that neurons in spatially separate columns can synchronize their oscillatory responses. The synchronization has, on average, no phase difference, depends on the spatial separation and the orientation preference of the cells and is influenced by global stimulus properties.
4,028 citations
"Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz fli..." refers background in this paper
...…to 1–100 Hz flicker: resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena Received: 19 June 2000 / Accepted: 9 January 2001 / Published online: 1 March 2001 © Springer-Verlag 2001 chronization of the neural spikes in cat visual cortex (Gray et al. 1989)....
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: Historical aspects introduction to the neurophysiological basis of the EEG and DC potentials cellular substrates of spontaneous and evoked brain rhythms dynamics of EEG as signals and neuronal populations are introduced.
Abstract: Historical aspects introduction to the neurophysiological basis of the EEG and DC potentials cellular substrates of spontaneous and evoked brain rhythms dynamics of EEG as signals and neuronal populations - models and theoretical considerations biophysical aspects of EEG and magnetoencephalogram generation technological basis of the EEG recording EEG recording and operation of the apparatus the EEG signal - polarity and field determination digitized (paperless) EEG recording the normal EEG in the waking adult sleep and EEG maturation of the EEG - development of waking and sleep patterns EEG patterns and genetics nonspecific abnormal EEG patterns abnormal EEG patterns - epileptic and paroxysmal activation methods brain tumours and other space-occupying lesions (with a section on oncological CNS complications) the EEG in cerebral inflammatory processes cerebrovascular disorders and EEG EEG and old age EEG and dementia EEG and neurodegenerative disorders the EEG in infantile brain damage and cerebral palsy craniocerebral trauma metabolic central nervous system disorders cerebral anoxia - experimental view cerebral anoxia - clinical aspects coma and brain death epileptic seizure disorders non-epileptic attacks polygraphy polysomnography - principles and applications in sleep and arousal disorders neonatal electroencephalography event-related potentials - methodology and quantification contingent negative variation and Bereitschafts-potential visual evoked potentials auditory evoked potentials evoked potentials in infancy and childhood neurometric use of event-related potentials event-related potentials - P 300 and psychological implications neuroanaesthesia and intraoperative neurological monitoring clinical use of magnetoencephalography brain mapping - methodology the clinical use of brain mapping EEG analysis - theory and practice the EEG in patients with migraine and other headaches psychiatric disorders and the EEG psychology, physiology and the EEG EEG in aviation, space exploration and diving EEG and neuropharmacology - experimental approach EEG, drug effect and central nervous system poisoning toxic encephalography the special form of stereo-electroencephalography electroencephalography subdural EEG recordings special techniques of recording and transmission prolonged EEG monitoring in the diagnosis of seizure disorders EEG monitoring during carotid endarterectomy and open heart surgery computer analysis and cerebral maturation special use of EEG computer analysis in clinical neurology.
3,211 citations
Book•
01 Apr 1993
TL;DR: The main thrust of Electroencephalography is to preserve the sound basis of classic EEG recording and reading and, on the other hand, to present the newest developments for future EEG/neurophysiology research, especially in view of the highest brain functions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The main thrust of Electroencephalography is to preserve the sound basis of classic EEG recording and reading and, on the other hand, to present the newest developments for future EEG/neurophysiology research, especially in view of the highest brain functions. The Fourth Edition features new chapters on modern and future oriented EEG/EP research, spinal monitoring and dipole modelling
3,195 citations
TL;DR: This article will focus on the literature on gamma oscillatory activities in humans and will describe the different types of gamma responses and how to analyze them, as well as convergence evidence that suggests that one particular type of gamma activity (induced gamma activity) is observed during the construction of an object representation.
2,031 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an approach to explore the potential of PE in the context of neurophysiologie and psychophysics, and propose a set of criteria for evaluating the applicability of PE.
Abstract: Consid6rant que l'excessive hypersp6cialisation des neurosciences est un obstacle ~ la diffusion et /t l'enseignement d 'un savoir scientifique pourtant commun ~ plusieurs champs de recherches au sein des sciences du cerveau, l 'auteur se propose d'&udier les potentiels 6voqu6s (PE) de mani~re r6solument multidisciplinaire, depuis l'6tude du fonctionnement de groupes neuronaux chez les primates jusqu'aux activit6s perceptives, cognitives et aux comportements moteurs 61abor6s chez l 'homme. Destin6 autant aux &udiants de doctorat qu'aux chercheurs exp6riment6s plus sp6cialis6s, cet ouvrage apporte aux premiers une introduction concr6te h la probl6matique g6n6rale des PE au moyen d'exemples simples, et aux seconds une revue exhaustive et concise de la place des PE en l'6tat actuel de la science sur des aspects fondamentaux ou des applications cliniques. L'auteur adopte syst6matiquement une d6marche fructueuse de confrontation entre m6thodologie et clinique. Pour tenir compte des horizons divers des lecteurs, l 'auteur n ' a pas craint de d6velopper des notions << 616mentaires >> de traitement du signal destin6es aux biologistes et aux m6decins et des notions solides de neurophysiologie g6n6rale destin6es aux math6maticiens et aux ing6nieurs. L'ouvrage, tr~s volumineux, est divis6 en 3 parties: la premi6re (165 pages, 11 chapitres et 3 appendices) est une revue exhaustive des diff6rents moyens de traitement du signal applicables aux PE. La d6marche de l 'auteur reste pragmatique: il importe d'avoir toujours h l'esprit les contraintes impos6es par le choix de tel ou tel module math6matique ou statistique sur l'interpr6tation des r6sultats et surtout sur la gen6se d'art6facts. La tongueur de cette premiere pattie, qui correspond ~t un gros volume ordinaire rassemble et commente l'ensemble des techniques utilis6es dans l'6tude des PE des plus anciennes aux plus actuelles, en insisrant sur les caract6ristiques propres aux stimuli et leurs cons6quences dans l'interpr&ation d 'un plan exp6rimental. Les pi6ges sp6cifiques tt l'enregistrement et l'interpr6tation des PE sont analys6s avec rigueur et humour. La 2 e pattie aborde les aspects fondamentaux (320 pages, 8 chapitres) : int6r& et place des PE dans l'6tude des processus cognitifs, des comportements moteurs, des voies auditives, somesth6siques, visuelles, vestibulaires, olfactives, gustatives et douloureuses. La r6daction de chaque chapitre fait appel aux notions les plus actuelles de neuro-anatomie, de neurophysiologie exp6rimentale et de psychophysiologie. Le 8 e chapitre de cette seconde pattie est une mise au point sur l'int6r~t de l'6tude des champs magn&iques dans les PE. Enfin, la 3 e partie (80 pages, 5 chapitres) est une revue de la litt6rature concise et exhaustive concernant les applications cliniques des PE auditifs, visuels et somesth6siques. Le dernier chapitre est consacr6 aux troubles psychiatriques de l'adulte et de l 'enfant. L'ouvrage cite plus de 3000 r6f6rences dont plus de 150 correspondent aux contributions personnelles de l'auteur. Le style est alerte, l'auteur reste toujours tr6s proche des pr6occupations concr6tes des lecteurs. Un index fourni permet de se rapporter facilement ~ un d6tail particulier. L'6dition est remarquable, soign6e et tr6s lisible. Ce livre est une somme monumentale ~ placer dans toutes les biblioth6ques de neurophysiologie.
1,576 citations
"Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz fli..." refers background in this paper
...Therefore, this analysis method was used here to investigate the resonance phenomena of SSVEPs in the human cortex....
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...Previous experiments, which nicely demonstrated SSVEPs in animal (Bas¸ar et al. 1998) and human brains (Schürmann and Bas¸ar 1994), have computed so-called amplitude-frequency characteristics....
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...4 SSVEPs in response to flicker frequencies 79 (left), 80 Hz (middle) and 81 Hz (right)....
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...2 SSVEPs of a single subject in response to 10 Hz (left), 20 Hz (middle) and 30 Hz (right) stimulation (top row) and the corresponding FFT frequency spectra (bottom row) Fig....
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...The SSVEPs in response to some frequencies show resonance phenomena indicating a selective frequency preference of the neural oscillators....
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