Human sensorimotor learning: adaptation, skill, and beyond
TL;DR: In skill learning tasks, which for the most part do not involve a perturbation, improved performance is manifest as reduced motor variability and probably depends less on adaptation and more on success-based exploration.
About: This article is published in Current Opinion in Neurobiology.The article was published on 2011-08-01. It has received 464 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Motor learning & Challenge point framework.
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TL;DR: Findings demonstrating functional and structural plasticity across different spatial and temporal scales that mediate motor skill learning are reviewed while identifying converging areas of interest and possible avenues for future research.
1,042 citations
Cites background from "Human sensorimotor learning: adapta..."
...One solution to this issue is through assessment of changes in speed-accuracy trade-off functions (Figure 2; Reis et al., 2009; Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011)....
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...Yet these paradigms characteristically evaluate the return to baseline levels of performance following perturbation over relatively short time periods (Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011)....
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TL;DR: The aim of this review is to address the potential of augmented unimodal and multimodal feedback in the framework of motor learning theories and the reasons for the different impacts of feedback strategies within or between the visual, auditory, and haptic modalities.
Abstract: It is generally accepted that augmented feedback, provided by a human expert or a technical display, effectively enhances motor learning. However, discussion of the way to most effectively provide augmented feedback has been controversial. Related studies have focused primarily on simple or artificial tasks enhanced by visual feedback. Recently, technical advances have made it possible also to investigate more complex, realistic motor tasks and to implement not only visual, but also auditory, haptic, or multimodal augmented feedback. The aim of this review is to address the potential of augmented unimodal and multimodal feedback in the framework of motor learning theories. The review addresses the reasons for the different impacts of feedback strategies within or between the visual, auditory, and haptic modalities and the challenges that need to be overcome to provide appropriate feedback in these modalities, either in isolation or in combination. Accordingly, the design criteria for successful visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback are elaborated.
966 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the existing structure of a network can shape learning, and offer a network-level explanation for the observation that the authors are more readily able to learn new skills when they are related to the skills that they already possess.
Abstract: Learning, whether motor, sensory or cognitive, requires networks of neurons to generate new activity patterns. As some behaviours are easier to learn than others, we asked if some neural activity patterns are easier to generate than others. Here we investigate whether an existing network constrains the patterns that a subset of its neurons is capable of exhibiting, and if so, what principles define this constraint. We employed a closed-loop intracortical brain-computer interface learning paradigm in which Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) controlled a computer cursor by modulating neural activity patterns in the primary motor cortex. Using the brain-computer interface paradigm, we could specify and alter how neural activity mapped to cursor velocity. At the start of each session, we observed the characteristic activity patterns of the recorded neural population. The activity of a neural population can be represented in a high-dimensional space (termed the neural space), wherein each dimension corresponds to the activity of one neuron. These characteristic activity patterns comprise a low-dimensional subspace (termed the intrinsic manifold) within the neural space. The intrinsic manifold presumably reflects constraints imposed by the underlying neural circuitry. Here we show that the animals could readily learn to proficiently control the cursor using neural activity patterns that were within the intrinsic manifold. However, animals were less able to learn to proficiently control the cursor using activity patterns that were outside of the intrinsic manifold. These results suggest that the existing structure of a network can shape learning. On a timescale of hours, it seems to be difficult to learn to generate neural activity patterns that are not consistent with the existing network structure. These findings offer a network-level explanation for the observation that we are more readily able to learn new skills when they are related to the skills that we already possess.
536 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: An overview of empirical evidence behind key objectives of the potential adoption of LA/EDM in generic educational strategic planning is presented and thoughts on possible uncharted key questions to investigate are set.
Abstract: This paper aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge on Learning Analytics (LA) and Educational Data Mining (EDM) and its impact on adaptive learning. It constitutes an overview of empirical evidence behind key objectives of the potential adoption of LA/EDM in generic educational strategic planning. We examined the literature on experimental case studies conducted in the domain during the past six years (2008-2013). Search terms identified 209 mature pieces of research work, but inclusion criteria limited the key studies to 40. We analyzed the research questions, methodology and findings of these published papers and categorized them accordingly. We used non-statistical methods to evaluate and interpret findings of the collected studies. The results have highlighted four distinct major directions of the LA/EDM empirical research. We discuss on the emerged added value of LA/EDM research and highlight the significance of further implications. Finally, we set our thoughts on possible uncharted key questions to investigate both from pedagogical and technical considerations.
507 citations
TL;DR: A bilateral cortical–subcortical network consistently underlying motor learning across tasks is identified and the highly consistent activation of the left dorsal premotor cortex suggests it is a critical node in the motor learning network.
468 citations
Cites background or result from "Human sensorimotor learning: adapta..."
...This pattern of activations is broadly consistent with previously proposed models of the key structures involved in motor learning (Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011; Penhune and Steele, 2012; Shadmehr and Krakauer, 2008; Shmuelof and Krakauer, 2011), and the proposal cortico-subcortical loops may drive motor learning (Doyon et al....
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...The primary motor cortex (M1) is consistently implicated in the use dependent acquisition and storage of muscle synergies required for faster and more precise movements (Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011; Penhune and Steele, 2012; Shmuelof and Krakauer, 2011)....
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...Despite some controversy, it is widely suggested that the basal ganglia are implicated in probabilistic calculations and reward for optimal action selection (Hikosaka et al., 2002; Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011; Penhune and Steele, 2012; Shadmehr and Krakauer, 2008)....
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...The cerebellum is widely considered to maintain a ‘forward model’ of the motor apparatus, used to predict the sensory consequences of actions and detect errors in these predictions (Hikosaka et al., 2002; Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011; Penhune and Steele, 2012; Shadmehr and Krakauer, 2008)....
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...In particular, several models of motor learning consider muscle synergies to be instrumental in reducing movement variability in later learning to allow improved levels of skilled performance (Krakauer and Mazzoni, 2011; Penhune and Steele, 2012; Shmuelof and Krakauer, 2011)....
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References
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23,905 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the clssical filleting and prediclion problem is re-examined using the Bode-Shannon representation of random processes and the?stat-tran-sition? method of analysis of dynamic systems.
Abstract: The clssical filleting and prediclion problem is re-examined using the Bode-Shannon representation of random processes and the ?stat-tran-sition? method of analysis of dynamic systems. New result are: (1) The formulation and Methods of solution of the problm apply, without modification to stationary and nonstationary stalistics end to growing-memory and infinile -memory filters. (2) A nonlinear difference (or differential) equalion is dericed for the covariance matrix of the optimal estimalion error. From the solution of this equation the coefficients of the difference, (or differential) equation of the optimal linear filter are obtained without further caleulations. (3) Tke fillering problem is shoum to be the dual of the nois-free regulator problem. The new method developed here, is applied to do well-known problems, confirming and extending, earlier results. The discussion is largely, self-contatained, and proceeds from first principles; basic concepts of the theory of random processes are reviewed in the Appendix.
15,391 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1906TL;DR: In this article, the Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906] Charles S. Sherrington, W.B. Hadden, and W.A. Baly have been discussed.
Abstract: Volume 1. Introduction Nick Wade Containing the Nervous System [1803] Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain [1811], both by Charles Bell Volume 2. Dr F.J. Gall's System of the Functions of the Brain, extracted from C.A. Blode's account of Dr Gall's lectures, held on the above [sic] subject at Dresden [1807] Carl August Blode Phrenology Examined [1846] Pierre Flourens Volumes 3. and 4. Elements of Physiology [1840, 1843] Johannes Mueller, translated by W. Baly Volume 5. Mind and Body. The Theories of their Relation [1873] Alexander Bain Volume 6. Lectures on the Localization of Cerebral and Spinal Diseases [1883] Jean Martin Charcot, translated by W.B. Hadden Volume 7. The Functions of the Brain [2nd ed. 1886] David Ferrier Volume 8. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906] Charles S. Sherrington
3,771 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated whether performance measures would also show a strong dependence on attention and found that patients with Korsakoff's syndrome learned the sequence despite their lack of awareness of the repeating pattern.
2,803 citations
TL;DR: This work shows that the optimal strategy in the face of uncertainty is to allow variability in redundant (task-irrelevant) dimensions, and proposes an alternative theory based on stochastic optimal feedback control, which emerges naturally from this framework.
Abstract: A central problem in motor control is understanding how the many biomechanical degrees of freedom are coordinated to achieve a common goal. An especially puzzling aspect of coordination is that behavioral goals are achieved reliably and repeatedly with movements rarely reproducible in their detail. Existing theoretical frameworks emphasize either goal achievement or the richness of motor variability, but fail to reconcile the two. Here we propose an alternative theory based on stochastic optimal feedback control. We show that the optimal strategy in the face of uncertainty is to allow variability in redundant (task-irrelevant) dimensions. This strategy does not enforce a desired trajectory, but uses feedback more intelligently, correcting only those deviations that interfere with task goals. From this framework, task-constrained variability, goal-directed corrections, motor synergies, controlled parameters, simplifying rules and discrete coordination modes emerge naturally. We present experimental results from a range of motor tasks to support this theory.
2,776 citations