Hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles offer low-cost climate benefits in China
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the cost-effectiveness of transitioning from conventional cars to HEVs and BEVs, by calculating their marginal abatement cost (MAC) of carbon in the long-run.
Abstract: Car ownership in China is expected to grow dramatically in the coming decades. If growing personal vehicle demand is met with conventional cars, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will be substantial. One way to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from passenger travel is to meet growing demand for cars with alternative vehicles such as hybrid- and battery-electric vehicles (HEVs and BEVs). Our study examines the cost-effectiveness of transitioning from conventional cars to HEVs and BEVs, by calculating their marginal abatement cost (MAC) of carbon in the long-run. We find that transitioning from conventional to hybrid and battery electric light-duty, four-wheel vehicles can achieve carbon emissions reductions at a negative cost (i.e. at a net benefit) in China. In 2030, the average MAC is estimated to be about −$140/ton CO2 for HEVs and −$515/ton CO2-saved for BEVs, varying by key parameters. The total mitigation potential of each vehicle technology is estimated to be 1.38 million tons for HEVs and 0.75 million tons for BEVs.
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TL;DR: This paper analyzes and summarizes the optimization effect of genetic algorithm in various energy management strategies, aiming to analyze and select the optimization rules and parameters, optimization objects and optimization objectives.
302 citations
TL;DR: An assessment of present and future trend of energy storage devices and different multi-input DC-DC converter topologies that are being used in hybrid electric vehicles and different electric vehicle architectures are discussed.
97 citations
TL;DR: A simplified EV energy consumption model based on the VSP (Vehicle-Specific Power) is presented and evaluated on standard driving cycles, where it provided improvement over existing models due to the use of a charging power limiting function that better describes energy flow during braking energy regeneration.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between CINEVs and WTBEVs by accommodating the moderating role of the Big Five personality traits, and uncovered an interesting role of personality traits in propagating EV development.
Abstract: Being an energy-efficient mode of transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) adoption is a multifaceted mechanism driven by a bunch of factors. However, studies focusing on assessing the influence of personality traits on consumers' information about EVs (CINEVs) and willingness to buy (WTB) EVs are scarce. This study investigates the relationship between CINEVs and WTBEVs by accommodating the moderating role of the Big Five personality traits. Results are based on a sample of 624 respondents in the seven largest Indian cities by employing a comprehensive questionnaire survey. Structural equation modeling is used to test the formulated hypotheses. The results highlight that CINEVs is directly related to WTBEVs. We further add to the existing pool of knowledge by providing empirical evidence that openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness positively moderate the relationship between CINEVs and WTBEVs, whereas neuroticism negatively moderates this relationship. The results uncovered an interesting role of personality traits in propagating EV development.
71 citations
TL;DR: A coordinated charging scheduling method for EVs in microgrid to shift load demand from peak period to valley period and can support more friendly power supply-demand interaction to accommodate the increasing penetration of EVs and the rapid development of flexible microgrid.
61 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a model that explicitly models the vehicle saturation level as a function of observable country characteristics: urbanization and population density, is proposed, and the model is estimated on the basis of pooled time-series (1960-2002) and cross-section data for 45 countries that include 75 percent of the worldOs population.
Abstract: The speed of vehicle ownership expansion in emerging market and developing countries has important implications for transport and environmental policies, as well as the global oil market. The literature remains divided on the issue of whether the vehicle ownership rates will ever catch up to the levels common in the advanced economies. This paper contributes to the debate by building a model that explicitly models the vehicle saturation level as a function of observable country characteristics: urbanization and population density. Our model is estimated on the basis of pooled time-series (1960-2002) and cross-section data for 45 countries that include 75 percent of the worldOs population. We project that the total vehicle stock will increase from about 800 million in 2002 to more than two billion units in 2030. By this time, 56% of the worldOs vehicles will be owned by non-OECD countries, compared with 24% in 2002. In particular, ChinaOs vehicle stock will increase nearly twenty-fold, to 390 million in 2030. This fast speed of vehicle ownership expansion implies rapid growth in oil demand.
732 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss four assessment methods (average annual electricity mix, average time-dependent electricity mix and marginal electricity mix) and analyze the corresponding CO₂ emissions for Germany in 2030 using an optimizing energy system model (PERSEUS-NET-TS).
Abstract: Electric vehicles are often said to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. However, the results of current comparisons with conventional vehicles are not always in favor of electric vehicles. The authors outline that this is not only due to the different assumptions in the time of charging and the country-specific electricity generation mix, but also due to the applied assessment method. The authors, therefore, discuss four assessment methods (average annual electricity mix, average time-dependent electricity mix, marginal electricity mix, and balancing zero emissions) and analyze the corresponding CO₂ emissions for Germany in 2030 using an optimizing energy system model (PERSEUS-NET-TS). Furthermore, the authors distinguish between an uncontrolled (i.e. direct) charging and an optimized controlled charging strategy. For Germany, the different assessment methods lead to substantial discrepancies in CO₂emissions for 2030 ranging from no emissions to about 0.55 kg/kWhₑl (110 g/km). These emissions partly exceed the emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles. Furthermore, depending on the underlying power plant portfolio and the controlling objective, controlled charging might help to reduce CO₂ emissions and relieve the electricity grid. The authors therefore recommend to support controlled charging, to develop consistent methodologies to address key factors affecting CO₂ emissions by electric vehicles, and to implement efficient policy instruments which guarantee emission free mobility with electric vehicles agreed upon by researchers and policy makers.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented an updated and upgraded methodology, the Fuel Economy and Environmental Impacts (FEEI) model, to project vehicle sales and stock in China on the basis of previous studies.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a better understanding of vehicle-use intensity in China and to generate reliable VKT input (current and future VKT levels) for the Fuel Economy and Environmental Impacts (FEEI) model is presented.
190 citations