Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications

doi:10.5772/24553

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Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications

Book Chapter•DOI•

Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications

Syed K. H. Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf, Glyn O. Phillips

01 Aug 2011-

TL;DR: This chapter reviews the preparation methods of hydrogels from hydrophilic polymers of synthetic and natural origin with emphasis on water soluble natural biopolymers (hydrocolloids).

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Abstract: The terms gels and hydrogels are used interchangeably by food and biomaterials scientists to describe polymeric cross-linked network structures. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute cross-linked system, and are categorised principally as weak or strong depending on their flow behaviour in steady-state (Ferry, 1980). Edible gels are used widely in the food industry and mainly refer to gelling polysaccharides (i.e. hydrocolloids) (Phillips & Williams, 2000). The term hydrogel describes three-dimensional network structures obtained from a class of synthetic and/or natural polymers which can absorb and retain significant amount of water (Rosiak & Yoshii, 1999). The hydrogel structure is created by the hydrophilic groups or domains present in a polymeric network upon the hydration in an aqueous environment. This chapter reviews the preparation methods of hydrogels from hydrophilic polymers of synthetic and natural origin with emphasis on water soluble natural biopolymers (hydrocolloids). Recent advances in radiation cross-linking methods for the preparation of hydrogel are particularly addressed. Additionally, methods to characterise these hydrogels and their proposed applications are also reviewed.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Chitosan-based hydrogels: From preparation to biomedical applications.

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Michelly Cristina Galdioli Pellá¹, Michele K. Lima-Tenório², Ernandes T. Tenório-Neto², Marcos R. Guilherme¹, Edvani C. Muniz¹, Edvani C. Muniz³, Adley F. Rubira¹ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (3)

Universidade Estadual de Maringá¹, Ponta Grossa State University², Federal University of Technology - Paraná³

15 Sep 2018-Carbohydrate Polymers

TL;DR: This review focuses on the most recent progress made with respect to preparation, properties, and their salient accomplishments for drug delivery and tissue engineering of chitosan-based hydrogels.

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399 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Self-assembly of short peptides to form hydrogels: design of building blocks, physical properties and technological applications.

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Galit Fichman¹, Ehud Gazit¹•Institutions (1)

Tel Aviv University¹

01 Apr 2014-Acta Biomaterialia

TL;DR: This review describes the assembly and properties of physical hydrogels that have been formed by the self-association of very simple peptide building blocks and the possible mechanism of self-assembly is discussed in line with the chemical nature of the short peptides.

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375 citations

Cites background from "Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, ..."

...Physical hydrogels could be produced by the association of various hydrogelators, including synthetic polymers, polysaccharides, proteins and other poly amino acids, via the process of molecular self-assembly [7,10,11]....
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...Based on the nature of the cross-linking within the polymer frame, which preserves the 3-D structure of the gel, hydrogels can be classified as either chemical or physical gels [7]....
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...Characterization of the gels formed usually includes simple qualitative vial-inversion observations, followed by quantitative rheological measurements to evaluate the mechanical properties of the gel [7]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Overview of natural hydrogels for regenerative medicine applications

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Marta Calvo Catoira¹, Luca Fusaro¹, Dalila Di Francesco¹, Martina Ramella, Francesca Boccafoschi¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Health Science University¹

10 Oct 2019-Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine

TL;DR: This review focuses on the recent progress of hydrogels synthesis and applications in order to classify the most recent and relevant matters in biomedical field.

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Abstract: Hydrogels from different materials can be used in biomedical field as an innovative approach in regenerative medicine. Depending on the origin source, hydrogels can be synthetized through chemical and physical methods. Hydrogel can be characterized through several physical parameters, such as size, elastic modulus, swelling and degradation rate. Lately, research is focused on hydrogels derived from biologic materials. These hydrogels can be derived from protein polymers, such as collage, elastin, and polysaccharide polymers like glycosaminoglycans or alginate among others. Introduction of decellularized tissues into hydrogels synthesis displays several advantages compared to natural or synthetic based hydrogels. Preservation of natural molecules such as growth factors, glycans, bioactive cryptic peptides and natural proteins can promote cell growth, function, differentiation, angiogenesis, anti-angiogenesis, antimicrobial effects, and chemotactic effects. Versatility of hydrogels make possible multiple applications and combinations with several molecules on order to obtain the adequate characteristic for each scope. In this context, a lot of molecules such as cross link agents, drugs, grow factors or cells can be used. This review focuses on the recent progress of hydrogels synthesis and applications in order to classify the most recent and relevant matters in biomedical field.

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358 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Smart Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

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Somasundar Mantha¹, Sangeeth Pillai¹, Parisa Khayambashi¹, Akshaya Upadhyay¹, Yuli Zhang¹, Owen Tao¹, Hieu M. Pham¹, Simon D. Tran¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (1)

McGill University¹

12 Oct 2019-Materials

TL;DR: This review outlines a brief description of the properties, structure, synthesis and fabrication methods, applications, and future perspectives of smart hydrogels in tissue engineering.

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Abstract: The field of regenerative medicine has tremendous potential for improved treatment outcomes and has been stimulated by advances made in bioengineering over the last few decades. The strategies of engineering tissues and assembling functional constructs that are capable of restoring, retaining, and revitalizing lost tissues and organs have impacted the whole spectrum of medicine and health care. Techniques to combine biomimetic materials, cells, and bioactive molecules play a decisive role in promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues or as therapeutic systems. Hydrogels have been used as one of the most common tissue engineering scaffolds over the past two decades due to their ability to maintain a distinct 3D structure, to provide mechanical support for the cells in the engineered tissues, and to simulate the native extracellular matrix. The high water content of hydrogels can provide an ideal environment for cell survival, and structure which mimics the native tissues. Hydrogel systems have been serving as a supportive matrix for cell immobilization and growth factor delivery. This review outlines a brief description of the properties, structure, synthesis and fabrication methods, applications, and future perspectives of smart hydrogels in tissue engineering.

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357 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A mini review on hydrogels classification and recent developments in miscellaneous applications.

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Kokkarachedu Varaprasad, Gownolla Malegowd Raghavendra¹, Tippabattini Jayaramudu², Murali M. Yallapu³, Rotimi Sadiku⁴ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (4)

Yonsei University¹, Inha University², University of Tennessee Health Science Center³, Tshwane University of Technology⁴

01 Oct 2017-Materials Science and Engineering: C

TL;DR: The present review discusses the subject on the miscellaneous hydrogel with regard to their raw materials, methods of fabrication and applications, and summarizes the classification of hydrogels, based on their cross-linking and physical states.

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299 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Hydrogels for biomedical applications.

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Allan S. Hoffman¹•Institutions (1)

University of Washington¹

17 Jan 2002-Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

TL;DR: The composition and synthesis of hydrogels, the character of their absorbed water, and permeation of solutes within their swollen matrices are reviewed to identify the most important properties relevant to their biomedical applications.

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5,173 citations

"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The labile bonds can be broken under physiological conditions either enzymatically or chemically, in most of the cases by hydrolysis (Hennink & Nostrum, 2002; Hoffman, 2002)....
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...Examples of this type of gelation are freeze-thawed gels of polyvinyl alcohol and xanthan (Giannouli & Morris, 2003; Hoffman, 2002; 2004)....
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...The bound water is then obtained by difference of the measured total water content of the hydrogel test specimen, and the calculated free water content (Hoffman, 2002)....
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...Another example is polyacrylic acid and polyethylene oxide (PEO-PAAc) based hydrogel prepared by lowering the pH to form H-bonded gel in their aqueous solution (Hoffman, 2002)....
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...Some of the examples are polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (Hoffman, 2002), polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid hydrogel (Hennink & Nostrum, 2002)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications.

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Jeanie L. Drury¹, David J. Mooney¹•Institutions (1)

University of Michigan¹

01 Nov 2003-Biomaterials

TL;DR: Hydrogels are an appealing scaffold material because they are structurally similar to the extracellular matrix of many tissues, can often be processed under relatively mild conditions, and may be delivered in a minimally invasive manner.

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4,573 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges

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Todd Hoare¹, Daniel S. Kohane²•Institutions (2)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology¹, Harvard University²

15 Apr 2008-Polymer

TL;DR: Recent progress in overcoming challenges with regards to effectively delivering hydrogels inside the body without implantation, prolonging the release kinetics of drugs fromhydrogels, and expanding the nature of drugs which can be delivered using hydrogel-based approaches is discussed.

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3,140 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Sol-gel chemistry of transition metal oxides

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Jacques Livage¹, Marc Henry¹, Clément Sanchez¹•Institutions (1)

Centre national de la recherche scientifique¹

01 Jan 1988-Progress in Solid State Chemistry

TL;DR: In this paper, the preparation of a colloidal colloidal by un procede sol gel is described, and a procedure for determination des proprietes electriques et electrochimiques is described.

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2,040 citations

"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, ..." refers background in this paper

...5 Xerogel & aerogel A ‘xerogel’ is a solid formed from a gel by drying it slowly at about room temperature with unhindered shrinkage (Livage et al., 1988)....
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...A ‘xerogel’ is a solid formed from a gel by drying it slowly at about room temperature with unhindered shrinkage (Livage et al., 1988)....
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Book•

The chemical basis of radiation biology

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C. von Sonntag

01 Dec 1987

2,020 citations