Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios
23 Jan 2007-Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 12, Iss: 3, pp 387-405
TL;DR: In this paper, a full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies, as well as cost-effectiveness estimates.
Abstract: If hydrogen (H2) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H2 can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H2 scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H2 fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H2. The carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO2. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H2 use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H2 refueling.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the potential for the transportation sector to develop in a way that is consistent with long-term climate targets is discussed, and the question is whether technical measures will be sufficient for reaching longterm climate goals.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared different replacement scenarios of diesel vehicles with compressed natural gas, and found that the total avoided emissions can range from 579 thousand tons to 1.375 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) over 20 years, depending on the scenario.
Abstract: Energy consumption is related to local, regional and global impacts. Thus, by comparing different replacement scenarios of diesel vehicles with compressed natural gas, this article estimates pollutants and greenhouse gases emission in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The calculation of fuel consumption is based on fleet characteristics, in terms of vehicle age, the average annual distance travelled by bus depending on the year and average fuel consumption. These values served as a basis to develop scenarios considering that a percentage of new vehicles that will be phased out and replaced with ones running on natural gas. Results show that the total avoided emissions can range from 579 thousand tons to 1.375 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) over 20 years, depending on the scenario. For particulate matter, accumulated avoided emissions vary from 251 thousand to 584 tons over 20 years. The replacement of diesel buses with natural gas-fuelled buses presents favourable results, in comparison with the tendency scenario for CO2 and particulate matter. Thus, a public policy for fuel replacement in largest cities, such as Sao Paulo, has an important global impact, especially when allowing the introduction of a renewable energy source, such as biogas. It will benefit from the natural gas previous infrastructure, which is largely available in Brazil. As recommendations, we explain the need to review the city of Sao Paulo Climate Change Law to allow the use of natural gas. Fuel replacement should be integrated with a public policy/public policies and operational strategies to promote citizens´ health as well as historical, cultural and heritage conservation for the city and its future generations.
6 citations
Cites background from "Hydrogen and transportation: altern..."
...According to (Difiglio and Gielen 2007), natural gas is the main raw material...
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...According to (Difiglio and Gielen 2007), natural gas is the main raw material for hydrogen (H2) production through reforming plants or on board reforming; both fuels can also be mixed (up to 10% H2) to be transported by conventional NG pipelines....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the analysis of possibilities of using alternative types of fuel in transport and proposed a way of forecasting the need to expand the network of gas-filling stations for natural gas vehicles (NGV).
Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of possibilities of using alternative types of fuel in transport. Gas engine fuels are considered as potential energy carriers for diesel engines. Since the constructions of vehicles, using gas and traditional types of fuel, have some differences, the most important are the issues of ensuring trouble-free operation: the reliability of design, the development of petrol station chain, and the corporate service system. One of the ways of solving the problem of forecasting the need to expand the network of gas-filling stations for natural gas vehicles (NGV)is presented in the work. It is implemented in the form of program module that allows taking into account the prospects for expansion of the natural gas vehicles park, as well as the risks, which may arise in the process of realization of the long-term strategies for the development of this direction. The issues of ensuring the operational reliability of NGV are considered. The developed methods are aimed at improving the corporate service system of PJSC \"KAMAZ\". Fundamental defects of gasengines and failures distribution, depending on the operational kilometers, arising in the warranty period of operation, are analyzed in the work.
4 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the capacity of single wall carbon nanotubes as a host material for hydrogen storage and found that the capacity depends linearly on the tube diameter and starts at 1.5 mass% for a 0.671 nm single wall nanotube.
531 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a well-to-wheels (WTW) evaluation of fuel-cell vehicle energy and emission effects that examines energy feedstock recovery and transportation; fuel production, transportation, and distribution; and vehicle operation must be conducted to assist decision makers in selecting the fuelcell fuels that achieve the greatest energy and emissions benefits.
180 citations
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: The IEA Agreement on the Production and Utilization of Hydrogen Task 16, Hydrogen from Carbon-Containing Materials, which officially began in April 2002 and will be active for three years as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Preface The following report was prepared in support of efforts to develop a new International Energy Agency (IEA) task on the production of hydrogen from carbon-containing materials. The draft report was completed and the results presented during a Task Development Workshop in March 2001. The discussion in this report is based on technology developments that had been reported or were known prior to March 2001. No updates have been made to reflect advancements that have taken place since that time. An update to this report will be a likely outcome of the new IEA Agreement on the Production and Utilization of Hydrogen Task 16, Hydrogen from Carbon-Containing Materials, which officially began in April 2002 and will be active for three years.
110 citations
"Hydrogen and transportation: altern..." refers background in this paper
...Over the next decades, higher efficiencies may be reached: 70‐80% vs. 80‐85% ( Ogden 2002 )....
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