Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature
TL;DR: The paper presents a survey of biological hydrogen production processes, and the microorganisms and biochemical pathways involved in hydrogen generation processes are presented in some detail.
About: This article is published in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.The article was published on 2001-01-01. It has received 1915 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fermentative hydrogen production & Hydrogen production.
Citations
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TL;DR: A review of technologies related to hydrogen production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis is presented in this article.
2,673 citations
TL;DR: A review of second generation biodiesel production systems using microalgae can be found in this paper, where the main advantages of second-generation microalgal systems are that they: (1) have a higher photon conversion efficiency (as evidenced by increased biomass yields per hectare): (2) can be harvested batch-wise nearly all-year-round, providing a reliable and continuous supply of oil: (3) can utilize salt and waste water streams, thereby greatly reducing freshwater use: (4) can couple CO2-neutral fuel production with CO2 sequestration: (
Abstract: The use of fossil fuels is now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment that have already exceeded the “dangerously high” threshold of 450 ppm CO2-e. To achieve environmental and economic sustainability, fuel production processes are required that are not only renewable, but also capable of sequestering atmospheric CO2. Currently, nearly all renewable energy sources (e.g. hydroelectric, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) target the electricity market, while fuels make up a much larger share of the global energy demand (∼66%). Biofuels are therefore rapidly being developed. Second generation microalgal systems have the advantage that they can produce a wide range of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, biomethane and biohydrogen. Biodiesel is currently produced from oil synthesized by conventional fuel crops that harvest the sun’s energy and store it as chemical energy. This presents a route for renewable and carbon-neutral fuel production. However, current supplies from oil crops and animal fats account for only approximately 0.3% of the current demand for transport fuels. Increasing biofuel production on arable land could have severe consequences for global food supply. In contrast, producing biodiesel from algae is widely regarded as one of the most efficient ways of generating biofuels and also appears to represent the only current renewable source of oil that could meet the global demand for transport fuels. The main advantages of second generation microalgal systems are that they: (1) Have a higher photon conversion efficiency (as evidenced by increased biomass yields per hectare): (2) Can be harvested batch-wise nearly all-year-round, providing a reliable and continuous supply of oil: (3) Can utilize salt and waste water streams, thereby greatly reducing freshwater use: (4) Can couple CO2-neutral fuel production with CO2 sequestration: (5) Produce non-toxic and highly biodegradable biofuels. Current limitations exist mainly in the harvesting process and in the supply of CO2 for high efficiency production. This review provides a brief overview of second generation biodiesel production systems using microalgae.
2,254 citations
Cites background from "Hydrogen production by biological p..."
...Biohydrogen production from microalgae has been known for more than 65 years and was first observed in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus [59] and later identified in many other photosynthetic species including cyanobacteria [20, 35]....
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...In addition, some microalgae and cyanobacteria (which produce glycogen instead of starch) can also produce biohydrogen under anaerobic conditions [20, 35, 59, 76, 111] and their fermentation can also be used to produce methane (Fig....
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TL;DR: A comparative overview of the major hydrogen production methods is carried out in this article, where the process descriptions along with the technical and economic aspects of 14 different production methods are discussed, and the results regarding both the conventional and renewable methods are presented.
Abstract: Climate change and fossil fuel depletion are the main reasons leading to hydrogen technology. There are many processes for hydrogen production from both conventional and alternative energy resources such as natural gas, coal, nuclear, biomass, solar and wind. In this work, a comparative overview of the major hydrogen production methods is carried out. The process descriptions along with the technical and economic aspects of 14 different production methods are discussed. An overall comparison is carried out, and the results regarding both the conventional and renewable methods are presented. The thermochemical pyrolysis and gasification are economically viable approaches providing the highest potential to become competitive on a large scale in the near future while conventional methods retain their dominant role in H2 production with costs in the range of 1.34–2.27 $/kg. Biological methods appear to be a promising pathway but further research studies are needed to improve their production rates, while the low conversion efficiencies in combination with the high investment costs are the key restrictions for water-splitting technologies to compete with conventional methods. However, further development of these technologies along with significant innovations concerning H2 storage, transportation and utilization, implies the decrease of the national dependence on fossil fuel imports and green hydrogen will dominate over the traditional energy resources.
1,577 citations
Cites background from "Hydrogen production by biological p..."
...Moreover, they utilize renewable energy resources which are inexhaustible and they contribute to waste recycling as they can also use various waste materials as feedstock [61]....
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...18, variety of carbohydrates can be digested by anaerobic bacteria producing hydrogen under dark conditions and the resulting organic acids could be sources for photosynthetic bacteria to produce additional hydrogen [61]....
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...On the contrary, algae contain hydrogen-producing enzymes and can produce hydrogen under certain conditions [61]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review article summarizes bio-hydrogen production from some waste materials, including cellulose and starch containing agricultural and food industry wastes and some food industry wastewaters.
1,569 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the hydrogen production rates of various bio-hydrogen systems by first standardizing the units of hydrogen production and then calculating the size of biohydrogen system that would be required to power proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells of various sizes.
1,488 citations
Cites background from "Hydrogen production by biological p..."
...Biological systems provide a wide range of approaches to generate hydrogen, and include direct biophotolysis, indirect biophotolysis, photo-fermentations, and dark-fermentation [3–5]....
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References
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TL;DR: Light-dependent production of molecular hydrogen in the presence of utilizable citric acid cycle intermediates has been demonstrated in resting cell suspensions of Rhodospirillum rubrum, and evidence is presented in support of the conclusion that ammonia, or a derivative metabolite, acts as a repressor of synthesis of one or more required protein components.
590 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained allow for a more correct explanation of the anaerobic induction period previously described for Scenedesmus and similar algae as well as the possibility of a photochemical evolution of hydrogen.
Abstract: 1.. After 2 hours of fermentation in nitrogen the metabolism of those algae which were found capable of photoreduction with hydrogen changes in such a way that molecular hydrogen is released from the cell in addition to carbon dioxide.
2. The amount of hydrogen formed anaerobically in the dark depends on the amount of some unknown reserve substance in the cell. More hydrogen is formed in presence of added glucose, but no proportionality has been found between the amount of substrate added and that of hydrogen formed. This is probably due to the fact that two types of fermentation reactions exist, with little or no connection between them. Whereas mainly unknown organic acids are formed during the autofermentation, the addition of glucose causes a considerable increase in the production of lactic acid.
3. Algae which have been fermenting for several hours in the dark produce upon illumination free hydrogen at several times the rate observed in the dark, provided carbon dioxide is absent.
4. Certain concentrations of dinitrophenol strongly inhibit the evolution of hydrogen in the dark. Fermentation then continues mainly as a reaction leading to lactic acid. In such poisoned algae the photochemical liberation of hydrogen still continues.
5. If the algae are poisoned with dinitrophenol the presence of carbon dioxide will not interfere with the photochemical evolution of hydrogen.
6. The amount of hydrogen released in this new photochemical reaction depends on the presence of an unknown hydrogen donor in the cell; it can be increased by the addition of glucose but not in proportion to the amount added.
7. The results obtained allow for a more correct explanation of the anaerobic induction period previously described for Scenedesmus and similar algae. The possibility of a photochemical evolution of hydrogen had not been taken into account in the earlier experiments.
8. The origin of the hydrogen released under the influence of light is discussed.
574 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the current industrial uses of hydrogen in various industries in the industrial world will be summarized and discussed in more detail, including the use of hydrogen as a fuel in space applications, as an O2 scavenger in heat treating of metals and for its low viscosity and density.
511 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a conference on hydrogen production from fossil sources, electrolytic hydrogen production, thermochemical hydrogen production; photolytic hydrogen synthesis; hydrogen in the chemical and fuel industries; hydrogen utilization in aircraft and turbines; hydrogen usage in surface vehicles; hydrogen utilisation in fuel cells; hydride technologies; hydrogen liquefaction; transport and storage; hydrogen programs and activities; hydrogen systems analysis; hydrogen markets and economics; safety; materials; and environmental issues.
Abstract: Papers presented at this conference covered: hydrogen production from fossil sources; electrolytic hydrogen production; thermochemical hydrogen production; photolytic hydrogen production; hydrogen in the chemical and fuel industries; hydrogen utilization in aircraft and turbines; hydrogen utilization in surface vehicles; hydrogen utilization in fuel cells; hydride technologies; hydrogen liquefaction; transport and storage; hydrogen programs and activities; hydrogen systems analysis; hydrogen markets and economics; safety; materials; and environmental issues. Five papers have been individually abstracted.
375 citations
TL;DR: A gram negative hydrogen producing facultative anaerobe was isolated and characterized as Enterobacter cloacae IIT-BT 08 and found to differ from each other particularly beyond the pH of 4.8.
374 citations