Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks
TL;DR: This critical review of the current status of hydrogen storage within microporous metal-organic frameworks provides an overview of the relationships between structural features and the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, spectroscopic methods for probing framework-H(2) interactions, and strategies for improving storage capacity.
Abstract: New materials capable of storing hydrogen at high gravimetric and volumetric densities are required if hydrogen is to be widely employed as a clean alternative to hydrocarbon fuels in cars and other mobile applications. With exceptionally high surface areas and chemically-tunable structures, microporous metal–organic frameworks have recently emerged as some of the most promising candidate materials. In this critical review we provide an overview of the current status of hydrogen storage within such compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the relationships between structural features and the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, spectroscopic methods for probing framework–H2 interactions, and strategies for improving storage capacity (188 references).
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。
18,940 citations
TL;DR: Metal-organic frameworks are porous materials that have potential for applications such as gas storage and separation, as well as catalysis, and methods are being developed for making nanocrystals and supercrystals of MOFs for their incorporation into devices.
Abstract: Crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are formed by reticular synthesis, which creates strong bonds between inorganic and organic units. Careful selection of MOF constituents can yield crystals of ultrahigh porosity and high thermal and chemical stability. These characteristics allow the interior of MOFs to be chemically altered for use in gas separation, gas storage, and catalysis, among other applications. The precision commonly exercised in their chemical modification and the ability to expand their metrics without changing the underlying topology have not been achieved with other solids. MOFs whose chemical composition and shape of building units can be multiply varied within a particular structure already exist and may lead to materials that offer a synergistic combination of properties.
10,934 citations
Cites background from "Hydrogen storage in metal–organic f..."
...40 g/liter at –40° to 60°C below 100 bar) for hydrogen adsorption (85), Mercedes-Benz has al-...
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...This study confirmed the potential of MOFs for application to hydrogen adsorption, which has led to the reporting of hydrogen adsorption data for hundreds of MOFs (85)....
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...hydrogen uptake capacity and to improve Qst (61, 85)....
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TL;DR: This Perspective provides a snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy future for the world.
Abstract: Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world's increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Our use of energy in the twenty–first century must also be sustainable. Solar and water–based energy generation, and engineering of microbes to produce biofuels are a few examples of the alternatives. This Perspective puts these opportunities into a larger context by relating them to a number of aspects in the transportation and electricity generation sectors. It also provides a snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy future for the world.
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TL;DR: Kenji Sumida, David L. Rogow, Jarad A. Mason, Thomas M. McDonald, Eric D. Bloch, Zoey R. Herm, Tae-Hyun Bae, Jeffrey R. Long
Abstract: Kenji Sumida, David L. Rogow, Jarad A. Mason, Thomas M. McDonald, Eric D. Bloch, Zoey R. Herm, Tae-Hyun Bae, Jeffrey R. Long
5,389 citations
References
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。
18,940 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, the physics behind molecular simulation for materials science is explained, and the implementation of simulation methods is illustrated in pseudocodes and their practical use in the case studies used in the text.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
This book explains the physics behind the "recipes" of molecular simulation for materials science. Computer simulators are continuously confronted with questions concerning the choice of a particular technique for a given application. Since a wide variety of computational tools exists, the choice of technique requires a good understanding of the basic principles. More importantly, such understanding may greatly improve the efficiency of a simulation program. The implementation of simulation methods is illustrated in pseudocodes and their practical use in the case studies used in the text. Examples are included that highlight current applications, and the codes of the case studies are available on the World Wide Web. No prior knowledge of computer simulation is assumed.
6,901 citations
TL;DR: Study of the gas adsorption and thermal and chemical stability of two prototypical members, ZIF-8 and -11, demonstrated their permanent porosity, high thermal stability, and remarkable chemical resistance to boiling alkaline water and organic solvents.
Abstract: Twelve zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs; termed ZIF-1 to -12) have been synthesized as crystals by copolymerization of either Zn(II) (ZIF-1 to -4, -6 to -8, and -10 to -11) or Co(II) (ZIF-9 and -12) with imidazolate-type links. The ZIF crystal structures are based on the nets of seven distinct aluminosilicate zeolites: tetrahedral Si(Al) and the bridging O are replaced with transition metal ion and imidazolate link, respectively. In addition, one example of mixed-coordination imidazolate of Zn(II) and In(III) (ZIF-5) based on the garnet net is reported. Study of the gas adsorption and thermal and chemical stability of two prototypical members, ZIF-8 and -11, demonstrated their permanent porosity (Langmuir surface area = 1,810 m 2 /g), high thermal stability (up to 550°C), and remarkable chemical resistance to boiling alkaline water and organic solvents.
5,512 citations
TL;DR: Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy of the rotational transitions of the adsorbed hydrogen molecules indicates the presence of two well-defined binding sites (termed I and II), which are associated with hydrogen binding to zinc and the BDC linker, respectively.
Abstract: Metal-organic framework-5 (MOF-5) of composition Zn4O(BDC)3 (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) with a cubic three-dimensional extended porous structure adsorbed hydrogen up to 4.5 weight percent (17.2 hydrogen molecules per formula unit) at 78 kelvin and 1.0 weight percent at room temperature and pressure of 20 bar. Inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy of the rotational transitions of the adsorbed hydrogen molecules indicates the presence of two well-defined binding sites (termed I and II), which we associate with hydrogen binding to zinc and the BDC linker, respectively. Preliminary studies on topologically similar isoreticular metal-organic framework-6 and -8 (IRMOF-6 and -8) having cyclobutylbenzene and naphthalene linkers, respectively, gave approximately double and quadruple (2.0 weight percent) the uptake found for MOF-5 at room temperature and 10 bar.
4,284 citations
TL;DR: The inclusion properties of the most open members are presented as evidence that MOF structures with rod building blocks can indeed be designed to have permanent porosity and rigid architectures.
Abstract: The principal structure possibilities for packing infinite rod-shaped building blocks are described. Some basic nets derived from linking simple rods (helices and ladders) are then enumerated. We demonstrate the usefulness of the concept of rod secondary building units in the design and synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Accordingly, we present the preparation, characterization, and crystal structures of 14 new MOFs (named MOF-69A-C and MOF-70-80) of 12 different structure types, belonging to rod packing motifs, and show how their structures are related to basic nets. The MOFs reported herein are of polytopic carboxylates and contain one of Zn, Pb, Co, Cd, Mn, or Tb. The inclusion properties of the most open members are presented as evidence that MOF structures with rod building blocks can indeed be designed to have permanent porosity and rigid architectures.
2,147 citations