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Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering
Axel Funke,Felix Ziegler +1 more
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In this article, a review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view, including reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization.Abstract:
Hydrothermal carbonization can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxy lation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours. With this conversion process, a lignite-like, easy to handle fuel with well-defined properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Thus it may contribute to a wider application of biomass for energetic purposes. Although hydrothermal carbonization has been known for nearly a century, it has received little attention in current biomass conversion research. This review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view. Reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization are discussed and evaluated to describe important operational parameters qualitatively. The results are used to derive fundamental process design improvements. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltdread more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: a comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis
Judy A. Libra,Kyoung S. Ro,Claudia Kammann,Axel Funke,Nicole D. Berge,York Neubauer,Maria-Magdalena Titirici,Christoph Fühner,Oliver Bens,Jürgen Kern,Karl-Heinz Emmerich +10 more
TL;DR: The wet pyrolysis process, also known as hydrothermal carbonization, opens up the field of potential feedstocks for char production to a range of nontraditional renewable and plentiful wet agricultural residues and municipal wastes as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications
TL;DR: In this paper, an updated review on the fundamentals and reaction mechanisms of the slow-pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) processes, identifies research gaps, and summarizes the physicochemical characteristics of chars for different applications in the industry.
Journal ArticleDOI
Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: A review
Jianlong Wang,Shizong Wang +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the preparation, characterization, modification, and especially environmental application of biochar, based on more than 200 papers published in recent 10 year, to provide an overview of Biochar with a particular on its environmental application.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sustainable carbon materials
Maria-Magdalena Titirici,Robin J. White,Nicolas Brun,Vitaliy L. Budarin,Dang Sheng Su,Francisco del Monte,James H. Clark,Mark J. MacLachlan +7 more
TL;DR: This review will introduce to the reader the most recent and important progress regarding the production of sustainable carbon materials, whilst also highlighting their application in important environmental and energy related fields.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: a review.
TL;DR: A systematic and critical review of the production of activated carbon from hydrochars is presented in this paper, where the current knowledge gaps and challenges involved in the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste are critically evaluated with suggestions for further research.
References
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Book
Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology
TL;DR: The development of petroleum geochemistry and geology carbon and origin of life petroleum and its products how oil forms -natural hydrocarbons how oil form -generated hydrocarbon models petroleum generation the origin of natural gas migration and accumulation abnormal pressures the source rock coals, shales, and other terrestrial source rocks petroleum in the reservoir seeps and surface prospecting a geochemical program for petroleum exploration crude oil correlation prospect evaluation as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies
Andrew A. Peterson,Andrew A. Peterson,Frédéric Vogel,Russell P. Lachance,Morgan Fröling,Michael Jerry Antal,Jefferson W. Tester +6 more
TL;DR: Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration as mentioned in this paper, which are generally lower temperature (200-400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called bio-oil or bio-crude.
Journal ArticleDOI
The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose
Marta Sevilla,Antonio B. Fuertes +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the elemental analysis with that obtained by different spectroscopic techniques (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) have been inferred that, from a chemical point of view, the solid product consists of small clusters of condensed benzene rings that form stable groups with oxygen in the core.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chemical and Structural Properties of Carbonaceous Products Obtained by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Saccharides
Marta Sevilla,Antonio B. Fuertes +1 more
TL;DR: The microspheres thus obtained possess a core-shell structure consisting of a highly aromatic nucleus (hydrophobic) and a hydrophilic shell containing a high concentration of reactive oxygen functional groups (i.e., hydroxyl/phenolic, carbonyl, or carboxylic).
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of biochar in arable and forest soil in a greenhouse experiment was investigated in order to prove that these amendments can increase carbon storage in soils, and the results suggest that residence times of biochars in soils can be manipulated with the aim to "design" the best possible biochar for a given soil type.
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