Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: a review.

doi:10.1016/J.CEJ.2015.08.014

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Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: a review.

Journal Article•DOI•

Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: a review.

Akshay Jain¹, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian¹, M.P. Srinivasan²•Institutions (2)

National University of Singapore¹, RMIT University²

01 Jan 2016-Chemical Engineering Journal (Elsevier)-Vol. 283, pp 789-805

TL;DR: A systematic and critical review of the production of activated carbon from hydrochars is presented in this paper, where the current knowledge gaps and challenges involved in the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste are critically evaluated with suggestions for further research.

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About: This article is published in Chemical Engineering Journal.The article was published on 2016-01-01. It has received 812 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Hydrothermal carbonization & Biomass.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology

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Waseem Raza¹, Faizan Ali¹, Nadeem Raza², Yiwei Luo¹, Ki-Hyun Kim³, Jianhua Yang¹, Sandeep Kumar⁴, Andleeb Mehmood¹, Eilhann E. Kwon⁵ - Show less +5 more•Institutions (5)

Dalian University of Technology¹, Emerson College², Hanyang University³, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology⁴, Sejong University⁵

01 Oct 2018-Nano Energy

TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent advances in supercapacitor (SC) technology with respect to charge storage mechanisms, electrode materials, electrolytes (e.g., particularly paper/fiber-like 3D porous structures), and their practical applications is presented.

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1,058 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties.

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Tengfei Wang¹, Yunbo Zhai¹, Yun Zhu¹, Caiting Li¹, Guangming Zeng¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Hunan University¹

01 Jul 2018-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the critical hydrothermal parameters of hydrothermal carbonization, including temperature, residence time, heating rate, reactant concentration, and aqueous quality.

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Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical conversion technique which is attractive due to its ability to transform wet biomass into energy and chemicals without predrying. The solid product, known as hydrochar, has received attention because of its ability to prepare precursors of activated carbon in wastewater pollution remediation, soil remediation applications, solid fuels, and other carbonaceous materials. Besides the generally lignocellulose biomass used as sustainable feedstock, HTC has been applied to a wide range of derived waste, including sewage sludge, algae, and municipal solid waste to solve practical problems and generate desirable carbonaceous products. This review presented the critical hydrothermal parameters of HTC, including temperature, residence time, heating rate, reactant concentration, and aqueous quality. The chemical reaction mechanisms involved in the formation of hydrochar derived from single components and representative feedstock, lignocellulose, and sludge termed as N-free and N-rich biomass, were elucidated and summarized to better understand the hydrochar formation process. Specifically, hydrochar physicochemical characteristics such as surface chemistry and structure were investigated. Current knowledge gaps, and new perspectives with corresponding recommendations were provided to further exploit the great potential of the HTC technique and more practical applications for hydrochar in the future.

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707 citations

Cites background from "Hydrothermal conversion of biomass ..."

...Generally, the HTC process is considered to be autocatalytic for the formation of organic acids such as formic, acetic, lactic, and levulinic acid from biomass, resulting in a decrease in pH [24,29]....
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...Readers can refer to some excellent specific review articles or book chapters, including [27,29]....
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...However, the addition of acids or alkali can be used as a catalyst during processing, leading to an increase in proton or hydroxide ion concentration that results in elevated ionic strength, accelerating the reaction rate or tailoring the reaction pathway to achieve the desired hydrochar [17,29,49]....
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...[29] reviewed hydrochar formation mechanisms and identified a high density of oxygenated functional group products in the process....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Recent advances in applications of activated carbon from biowaste for wastewater treatment: a short review.

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Syieluing Wong¹, Norzita Ngadi¹, Ibrahim Mohammed Inuwa², Onn Hassan¹•Institutions (2)

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia¹, Kaduna State University²

20 Feb 2018-Journal of Cleaner Production

TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized recent development and findings on application of activated carbon synthesized from biowaste in wastewater treatment and tabulated the adsorption efficiencies of newly developed activated carbons in treatment of different pollutants (including dyes, metal ions, pharmaceutical and personal care products, organic pollutants).

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424 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review

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Zhikun Zhang¹, Zongyuan Zhu², Boxiong Shen¹, Lina Liu³•Institutions (3)

Hebei University of Technology¹, Jiangsu University², National University of Singapore³

15 Mar 2019-Energy

TL;DR: In this article, most recent studies on biochar/hydrochar production, characterization and prospective utilizations are summarized, and the energy balance and economic flexibility of biochar production technology is also analyzed.

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392 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock

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Mayank Kumar¹, Adetoyese Olajire Oyedun¹, Amit Kumar¹•Institutions (1)

University of Alberta¹

01 Jan 2018-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the three hydrothermal technologies, namely, liquefaction, gasification and carbonization, is presented to provide insight into the likelihood of commercialization.

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Abstract: Hydrothermal processing, a thermochemical approach, is an excellent method of converting energy-rich biomass into useful products. This approach offers the advantage of handling biomass with relatively high moisture content by precluding an energy-intensive pretreatment step. Hydrothermal processing is of world-wide interest in view of depleting fossil-fuel reserves and increased environmental greenhouse gas emissions. There is potential to develop this novel technology at demonstration scale. This paper reviews the three hydrothermal technologies, namely hydrothermal liquefaction, gasification and carbonization, to provide insight into the likelihood of commercialization. The study discusses the role of different process parameters that have key impacts on the quality and yield of the desired products. This study also identifies the gaps in the literature including the need to establish a baseline to develop key process models and to perform a techno-economic assessment to get a better sense of the viability of the technology in future.

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361 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

[...]

Patrice Simon¹, Patrice Simon², Yury Gogotsi³•Institutions (3)

Institut Universitaire de France¹, Paul Sabatier University², Drexel University³

01 Nov 2008-Nature Materials

TL;DR: This work has shown that combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries.

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Abstract: Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.

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14,213 citations

"Hydrothermal conversion of biomass ..." refers background in this paper

...The tailored porosity and pore size distribution have widened the usefulness of activated carbons to more demanding applications, such as catalysis/electrocatalysis [27–29], separation of multi- sized molecules, energy storage in capacitors [30–34], electrodes and Li-ion batteries [35,36], CO2 capture or H2 storage [8,37,38]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies

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Andrew A. Peterson¹, Andrew A. Peterson², Frédéric Vogel¹, Russell P. Lachance³, Morgan Fröling⁴, Michael Jerry Antal⁵, Jefferson W. Tester² - Show less +3 more•Institutions (5)

Paul Scherrer Institute¹, Massachusetts Institute of Technology², United States Military Academy³, Chalmers University of Technology⁴, University of Hawaii at Manoa⁵

23 Jul 2008-Energy and Environmental Science

TL;DR: Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration as mentioned in this paper, which are generally lower temperature (200-400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called bio-oil or bio-crude.

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Abstract: Hydrothermal technologies are broadly defined as chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200–600 °C), high-pressure (5–40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. This thermochemical means of reforming biomass may have energetic advantages, since, when water is heated at high pressures a phase change to steam is avoided which avoids large enthalpic energy penalties. Biological chemicals undergo a range of reactions, including dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, which are influenced by the temperature, pressure, concentration, and presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration. Liquefaction processes are generally lower temperature (200–400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. Gasification processes generally take place at higher temperatures (400–700 °C) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields.

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1,822 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose

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Marta Sevilla¹, Antonio B. Fuertes¹•Institutions (1)

Spanish National Research Council¹

01 Aug 2009-Carbon

TL;DR: In this article, the results of the elemental analysis with that obtained by different spectroscopic techniques (infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) have been inferred that, from a chemical point of view, the solid product consists of small clusters of condensed benzene rings that form stable groups with oxygen in the core.

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1,526 citations

"Hydrothermal conversion of biomass ..." refers background in this paper

...Bands in the range of 3000–3700 cm 1 confirm the presence of oxygen in hydrochars in the form of OH [16]....
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...Lignin interferes in the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose and slows the release of decomposition products formed from polysaccharides [16,28,52,72]....
[...]
...Numerous studies on hydrothermal carbonization have been carried out to investigate the effects of various operating parameters on the quality and yield of products (solid char, liquid and gas) [11,12,16,52,53,59–65]....
[...]
...mers (cellobiose, cellohexaose, cellopentaose, cellotetraose and cellotriose) and glucose [16]....
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...It is proposed that aromatic clusters upon reaching super saturation in the aqueous solution result in a burst nucleation [16,28]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Engineering Carbon Materials from the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Biomass

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Bo Hu¹, Kan Wang¹, Liheng Wu¹, Shu-Hong Yu², Markus Antonietti², Maria-Magdalena Titirici² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Science and Technology of China¹, Max Planck Society²

16 Feb 2010-Advanced Materials

TL;DR: It will be demonstrated that the HTC process can rationally design a rich family of carbonaceous and hybrid functional carbon materials with important applications in a sustainable fashion.

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Abstract: Energy shortage, environmental crisis, and developing customer demands have driven people to find facile, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and nontoxic routes to produce novel functional materials that can be commercialized in the near future. Amongst various techniques, the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process of biomass (either of isolated carbohydrates or crude plants) is a promising candidate for the synthesis of novel carbon-based materials with a wide variety of potential applications. In this Review, we will discuss various synthetic routes towards such novel carbon-based materials or composites via the HTC process of biomass. Furthermore, factors that influence the carbonization process will be analyzed and the special chemical/physical properties of the final products will be discussed. Despite the lack of a clear mechanism, these novel carbonaceous materials have already shown promising applications in many fields such as carbon fixation, water purification, fuel cell catalysis, energy storage, CO(2) sequestration, bioimaging, drug delivery, and gas sensors. Some of the most promising examples will also be discussed here, demonstrating that the HTC process can rationally design a rich family of carbonaceous and hybrid functional carbon materials with important applications in a sustainable fashion.

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1,467 citations

"Hydrothermal conversion of biomass ..." refers background in this paper

...Characterization and applications of hydrothermally carbonized chars obtained from different biomass sources have been discussed in literature [12,14,16,60,105]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering

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Axel Funke¹, Felix Ziegler¹•Institutions (1)

Technical University of Berlin¹

01 Mar 2010-Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining

TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view, including reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization.

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Abstract: Hydrothermal carbonization can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxy lation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours. With this conversion process, a lignite-like, easy to handle fuel with well-defined properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Thus it may contribute to a wider application of biomass for energetic purposes. Although hydrothermal carbonization has been known for nearly a century, it has received little attention in current biomass conversion research. This review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view. Reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization are discussed and evaluated to describe important operational parameters qualitatively. The results are used to derive fundamental process design improvements. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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1,428 citations

"Hydrothermal conversion of biomass ..." refers background in this paper

...The presence of these organic acids further promotes hydrolysis and decomposition of oligomers and monomers to smaller fragments [59,69,70]....
[...]
...Sucrose undergoes hydrolysis and leads to the formation of glucose and fructose whereas starch forms maltose (oligosaccharide), glucose and fructose (from the isomerization of glucose) [59]....
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...This is expected due to a higher extent of polymerization of dissolved fragments in the liquid phase which finally leads to production of insoluble solids [16,28,59,93]....
[...]
...The influence of the pressure on the reaction is relatively insignificant compared to that of temperature [59,71]....
[...]
...Numerous studies on hydrothermal carbonization have been carried out to investigate the effects of various operating parameters on the quality and yield of products (solid char, liquid and gas) [11,12,16,52,53,59–65]....
[...]