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Journal ArticleDOI

Hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the rat

01 May 1970-Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (Academic Press)-Vol. 16, Iss: 3, pp 691-700
TL;DR: The hydroxylation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, cumene, o -xylene, m -xylene, p -Xylene, p-cymene, pseudocumene, and mesitylene was studied following their oral administration to rats to study the formation of phenolic metabolites to the toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons.
About: This article is published in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.The article was published on 1970-05-01. It has received 164 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Xylene & Ethylbenzene.
Citations
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01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (the Panel) is asked to advise the Commission on the implications for human health of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs in the Member States. In particular, the Scientific Panel is asked to evaluate the 47 flavouring substances in this Flavouring Group Evaluation 6, Revision 1 (FGE.06Rev1), using the procedure as referred to in the Commission Regulation EC No 1565/2000. These 47 flavouring substances belong to chemical groups 1 and 4 of Annex I of the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000.

268 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Needed areas of future research on styrene include studies on the molecular dosimetry of styrene in terms of both hemoglobin and DNA adducts, which should improve the ability to assess the relationship between exposure to styrene and surrogate measures of "effective dose", thereby improving the able to estimate the effects of low-level human exposures.
Abstract: Styrene is used in the production of plastics and resins, which include polystyrene resins, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, styrene-acrylonitrile resins, styrene-butadiene copolymer resins, styrene-butadiene rubber, and unsaturated polyester resins. In 1985, styrene ranked in the top ten of synthetic organic chemicals produced in the U.S. This review focuses on various aspects of styrene toxicology including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, effects on hepatic and extrahepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, pharmacokinetic modeling, and covalent interactions with macromolecules. There appear to be many similarities between the toxicity and metabolism of styrene in rodents and humans. Needed areas of future research on styrene include studies on the molecular dosimetry of styrene in terms of both hemoglobin and DNA adducts. The results of such research should improve our ability to assess the relationship between exposure to styrene and surrogate measures of "effective dose", thereby improving our ability to estimate the effects of low-level human exposures.

199 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reports of organ toxicity upon chronic exposure to styrene are rare; however, since the chief intermediate in styrene metabolism is an epoxide, hepatotoxicity due to covalent binding at the site of formation appears to be a possibility.
Abstract: The absorption, blood levels, distribution, excretion, and biotransformation of styrene in man and experimental animals are briefly reviewed. The acute toxicity of styrene appears to be unrelated t...

164 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Xylenes are an agent of major chemical and occupational significance and is extensively employed in a broad spectrum of applications, primarily as a solvent for which its use is increasing as a "safe" replacement for benzene, and in gasoline as part of the BTX component.

151 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicated that the aromatic hydrocarbons in key organs increased in relation to the number of benzenoid rings, and it appears that aromatic metabolites are broadly distributed throughout fish exposed to polynuclear aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Abstract: Carbon-14 labeled benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene were administered to young coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the food and by intraperitoneal injection. Regardless of the mode of application the accumulated carbon-14 (% administered dose) in key organs (e.g., liver and brain) increased in the order anthracene > naphthalene > benzene over various time periods. The metabolic fate of the hydrocarbons after intraperitoneal injection was studied. It was shown that the highest percentages of metabolites occurred in the gall bladder; however, significant amounts were also found in the liver, brain, flesh, and “carcass.” Solvent partition and thin-layer chromatographic techniques were developed to determine the structure of individual metabolites. In brain, liver, and gall bladder, 1-naphthol and 1-naphthyl glucuronic acid were major products of naphthalene metabolism; however, glycoside/sulfate fractions and mercapturic acid were indicated. The heart and flesh were rich in 1-naphthol and the former organ contained significant amounts of 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. The findings indicated that the aromatic hydrocarbons in key organs increased in relation to the number of benzenoid rings. Further, it appears that aromatic metabolites are broadly distributed throughout fish exposed to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

143 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rat caecal contents decarboxylate phenolic benzoic acid derivatives when a free hydroxyl group is in the para position but the presence of substituents adjacent to this group or the carboxyl group reduce or abolish the reaction.
Abstract: Rat caecal contents decarboxylate phenolic benzoic acid derivatives when a free hydroxyl group is in the para position but the presence of substituents adjacent to this group or the carboxyl group reduce or abolish the reaction. Compounds containing a hydroxyl group in the ortho or meta position but lacking one in the para position are not decarboxylated. Some methoxy-derivatives are demethylated. The possible relationship between these findings and urinary phenols is discussed.

78 citations