Hypercalcemia and cancer: Differential diagnosis and treatment.
Citations
59 citations
Cites background from "Hypercalcemia and cancer: Different..."
...If the patient has hypercalcemia of malignancy (33), the tumor type should be recorded in the evaluation, consultation, and/or case report form....
[...]
...Other, NOS category is for identified causes of hypercalcemia such as parathyroid tumors (43), multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 or 2a (33,44), other cancers such as multiple myeloma (33,45), or rare causes of hypercalcemia....
[...]
...Approximately 90% of cases of hypercalcemia are caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) or hypercalcemia of malignancy (33), with a small subset associated with genetic disorders, sarcoidosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and other factors....
[...]
45 citations
37 citations
Cites background from "Hypercalcemia and cancer: Different..."
...It should be noted that primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the two main causes that comprise nearly 90 % of hypercalcemia cases [5, 56, 57], so a diagnostic approach should first focus on distinguishing between these two entities....
[...]
...In contrast, patients with malignancy associated hypercalcemia often have rapidly increasing calcium concentrations along with a rapid duration of onset and are more likely to be symptomatic [5, 56]....
[...]
...Among patients admitted to the hospital, hypercalcemia due to malignancy is 2–3 times more common than primary hyperparathyroidism while the source of malignancy often becomes evident from the history and physical examination [5, 56]....
[...]
...Among all patients who present to the emergency department with hypercalcemia, the most common causes are malignancy followed by primary hyperparathyroidism [2, 5]....
[...]
...Calcitonin is usually administered at a dose of 4–8 IU/kg subcutaneously every 6–12 h; it begins to exert its effect within 4–6 h up to 72 h and decreases calcium levels by 1–2 mg/dl [5, 53, 62]....
[...]
22 citations
13 citations
References
1,007 citations
748 citations
704 citations
633 citations
577 citations