Hypertext: An Introduction and Survey
TL;DR: A survey of existing hypertext systems, their applications, and their design is both an introduction to the world of hypertext and a survey of some of the most important design issues that go into fashioning a hypertext environment.
Abstract: This article is a survey of existing hypertext systems, their applications, and their design. It is both an introduction to the world of hypertext and, at a deeper cut, a survey of some of the most important design issues that go into fashioning a hypertext environment. The concept of hypertext is quite simple: Windows on the screen are associated with objects in a database, and links are provided between these objects, both graphically (as labelled tokens) and in the database (as pointers). But this simple idea is creating much excitement. Several universities have created laboratories for research on hypertext, many articles have been written about the concept just within the last year, and the Smithsonian Institute has created a demonstration laboratory to develop and display hypertext technologies.
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TL;DR: The main objective of this survey is to present the work that has been conducted in the area of graph database modeling, concentrating on data structures, query languages, and integrity constraints.
Abstract: Graph database models can be defined as those in which data structures for the schema and instances are modeled as graphs or generalizations of them, and data manipulation is expressed by graph-oriented operations and type constructors. These models took off in the eighties and early nineties alongside object-oriented models. Their influence gradually died out with the emergence of other database models, in particular geographical, spatial, semistructured, and XML. Recently, the need to manage information with graph-like nature has reestablished the relevance of this area. The main objective of this survey is to present the work that has been conducted in the area of graph database modeling, concentrating on data structures, query languages, and integrity constraints.
1,669 citations
Cites background from "Hypertext: An Introduction and Surv..."
...…Grif.th 1982], conceptual graphs [Sowa 1976, 1984], knowledge representation systems [Deng and Chang 1990], topic maps [Pepper and Moore 2001; ISO 1999], hypertext [Conklin 1987], and the recent family of models for representing ontologies on the Web, OWL [McGuinness and van Harmelen 2004]....
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...Frameworks related to our topic, but not directly focusing on database issues are semantic networks [Sowa 1991; Griffith 1982], conceptual graphs [Sowa 1976, 1984], knowledge representation systems [Deng and Chang 1990], topic maps [Pepper and Moore 2001; ISO 1999], hypertext [Conklin 1987], and the recent family of models for representing ontologies on the Web, OWL [McGuinness and van Harmelen 2004]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe learning with media as a complementary process within which representations are constructed and procedures performed, sometimes by the learner and sometimes by a medium, and the effect of media characteristics on the structure, formation, and modification of mental models is discussed.
Abstract: This article describes learning with media as a complementary process within which representations are constructed and procedures performed, sometimes by the learner and sometimes by the medium It reviews research on learning with books, television, computers, and multimedia environments These media are distinguished by cognitively relevant characteristics of their technologies, symbol systems, and processing capabilities Studies are examined that illustrate how these characteristics, and the instructional designs that employ them, interact with learner and task characteristics to influence the structure of mental representations and cognitive processes Of specific interest is the effect of media characteristics on the structure, formation, and modification of mental models Implications for research and practice are discussed
1,664 citations
Cites background from "Hypertext: An Introduction and Surv..."
...What it has come to mean in its many emerging implementations is a set of windows on the computer screen that are linked to information in a database (Conklin, 1987)....
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Patent•
11 Jan 2011TL;DR: In this article, an intelligent automated assistant system engages with the user in an integrated, conversational manner using natural language dialog, and invokes external services when appropriate to obtain information or perform various actions.
Abstract: An intelligent automated assistant system engages with the user in an integrated, conversational manner using natural language dialog, and invokes external services when appropriate to obtain information or perform various actions. The system can be implemented using any of a number of different platforms, such as the web, email, smartphone, and the like, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the system is based on sets of interrelated domains and tasks, and employs additional functionally powered by external services with which the system can interact.
1,462 citations
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: It is suggested that systems development and empirical research methodologies are complementary to each other and an integrated multidimensional and multimethodological approach will generate fruitful research results in IS research.
Abstract: The authors critically review systems development in information systems (IS) research. Several classification schemes of research are described and systems development is identified as a developmental, engineering, and formulative type of research. A framework of research is proposed to explain the dual nature of systems development as a research methodology and a research domain in IS research. Progress in several disciplinary areas is reviewed to provide a basis to argue that systems development is a valid research methodology. A systems development research process is presented from a methodological perspective. Software engineering, the basic method is applying the systems development research methodology, is then discussed. A framework to classify IS research domain and various research methodologies in studying systems development is presented. It is suggested that systems development and empirical research methodologies are complementary to each other. It is further proposed that an integrated multidimensional and multimethodological approach will generate fruitful research results in IS research. >
1,387 citations
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TL;DR: The higraph, a general kind of diagramming object, forms a visual formalism of topological nature that is suited for a wide array of applications to databases, knowledge representation, and the behavioral specification of complex concurrent systems using the higraph-based language of statecharts.
Abstract: The higraph, a general kind of diagramming object, forms a visual formalism of topological nature. Higraphs are suited for a wide array of applications to databases, knowledge representation, and, most notably, the behavioral specification of complex concurrent systems using the higraph-based language of statecharts.
1,332 citations
References
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TL;DR: The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems as discussed by the authors, whereas science has developed to deal with tame problems.
Abstract: The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are “wicked” problems, whereas science has developed to deal with “tame” problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about “optimal solutions” to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no “solutions” in the sense of definitive and objective answers.
13,262 citations
Book•
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01 Jul 1945
TL;DR: As the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. In this significant article he holds up an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge. For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than the powers of his mind. Trip hammers that multiply the fists, microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and detection are new results, but not the end results, of modern science. Now, says Dr. Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited knowledge of the ages. The perfection of these pacific instruments should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from their war work. Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on "The American Scholar," this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge.
3,142 citations
TL;DR: The Information Lens system is a prototype intelligent information-sharing system that is designed to include not only good user interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activity of individuals, but also good organizational interfaces for support the problem -solving activities of groups.
Abstract: The Information Lens system is a prototype intelligent information-sharing system that is designed to include not only good user interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activity of individuals, but also good organizational interfaces for supporting the problem-solving activities of groups.
709 citations
09 Dec 1968
TL;DR: In this article, a multisponsor research center at Stanford Research Institute in man-computer interaction is described, where the authors describe a multiscale multi-modal system.
Abstract: This paper describes a multisponsor research center at Stanford Research Institute in man-computer interaction.
664 citations
PARC1
TL;DR: The Learning Research Group at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center is concerned with all aspects of the communication and manipulation of knowledge and has designed and built a communications system: the Smalltalk language, implemented on small computers they refer to as "interim Dynabooks".
Abstract: The Learning Research Group at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center is concerned with all aspects of the communication and manipulation of knowledge We design, build, and use dynamic media which can be used by human beings of all ages Several years ago, we crystallized our dreams into a design idea for a personal dynamic medium the size of a notebook (the Dynabook) which could be owned by everyone and could have the power to handle virtually all of its owner's information-related needs Towards this goal we have designed and built a communications system: the Smalltalk language, implemented on small computers we refer to as "interim Dynabooks" We are exploring the use of this system as a programming and problem solving tool; as an interactive memory for the storage and manipulation of data; as a text editor; and as a medium for expression through drawing, painting, animating pictures, and composing and generating music (Figure 1 is a view of this interim Dynabook)
535 citations