I.1 The Work of a Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically Discovered Pulsar
01 Jun 1981-Philosophy of the Social Sciences (SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA)-Vol. 11, Iss: 2, pp 131-158
About: This article is published in Philosophy of the Social Sciences.The article was published on 1981-06-01. It has received 573 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pulsar.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that problems in Cognitive Science's theorizing about purposeful action as a basis for machine intelligence are due to the project of substituting plans for actions, and representations of the situation of action, for action's actual circumstances.
Abstract: This thesis considers two alternative views of purposeful action and shared understanding. The first, adopted by researchers in Cognitive Science, views the organization and significance of action as derived from plans, which are prerequisite to and prescribe action at whatever level of detail one might imagine. Mutual intelligibility on this view is a matter of the recognizability of plans, due to common conventions for the expression of intent, and common knowledge about typical situations and appropriate actions. The second view, drawn from recent work in social science, treats plans as derivative from situated action. Situated action as such comprises necessarily ad hoc responses to the actions of others and to the contingencies of particular situations. Rather than depend upon the reliable recognition of intent, successful interaction consists in the collaborative production of intelligibility through mutual access to situation resources, and through the detection, repair or exploitation of differences in understanding. As common sense formulations designed to accomodate the unforseeable contingences of situated action, plans are inherently vague. Researchers interested in machine intelligence attempt to remedy the vagueness of plans, to make them the basis for artifacts intended to embody intelligent behavior, including the ability to interact with their human users. The idea that computational artifacts might interact with their users is supported by their reactive, linguistic, and internally opaque properties. Those properties suggest the possibility that computers might 'explain themselves: thereby providing a solution to the problem of conveying the designer's purposes to the user, and a means of establishing the intelligence of the artifact itself. I examine the problem of human-machine communication through a case study of people using a machine designed on the planning model, and intended to be intelligent and interactive~ A conversation analysis of \"interactions\" between users and the machine reveals that the machine's insensitivity to particular circumstances is a central design resource, and a fundamental limitation. I conclude that problems in Cognitive Science's theorizing about purposeful action as a basis for machine intelligence are due to the project of substituting plans for actions, and representations of the situation of action, for action's actual circumstances. XEROX PARe. ISL-6. FEBRLARY 1985
2,485 citations
Book•
04 Dec 2006
TL;DR: Figuring the human in AI and robotics: Demystifications and re-enchantments of the human-like machine examines the role of language in the development of artificial intelligence and robotics.
Abstract: Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Readings and responses 2. Preface to the 1st edition 3. Introduction to the 1st edition 4. Interactive artifacts 5. Plans 6. Situated actions 7. Communicative resources 8. Case and methods 9. Human-machine communication 10. Conclusion to the 1st edition 11. Plans, scripts and other ordering devices 12. Agencies at the interface 13. Figuring the human in AI and robotics 14. Demystifications and re-enchantments of the human-like machine 15. Reconfigurations Notes References.
1,742 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, a philosophy of science underlying engaged scholarship in a professional school has been discussed, and a theory of process and variance models has been proposed to solve the research problem.
Abstract: 1. Engaged Scholarship in a Professional School 2. Philosophy of Science Underlying Engaged Scholarship 3. Formulating the Research Problem 4. Building a Theory 5. Process and Variance Models 6. Designing Variance Studies 7. Designing Process Studies 8. Communicating and Using Research Knowledge 9. Practicing Engaged Scholarship
1,639 citations
01 Feb 2004
TL;DR: This paper suggests that the representational stance implied by conventional interpretations of “context” misinterprets the role of context in everyday human activity, and proposes an alternative model that suggests different directions for design.
Abstract: The emergence of ubiquitous computing as a new design paradigm poses significant challenges for human-computer interaction (HCI) and interaction design. Traditionally, HCI has taken place within a constrained and well-understood domain of experience—single users sitting at desks and interacting with conventionally-designed computers employing screens, keyboards and mice for interaction. New opportunities have engendered considerable interest in “context-aware computing”—computational systems that can sense and respond to aspects of the settings in which they are used. However, considerable confusion surrounds the notion of “context”—what it means, what it includes and what role it plays in interactive systems. This paper suggests that the representational stance implied by conventional interpretations of “context” misinterprets the role of context in everyday human activity, and proposes an alternative model that suggests different directions for design.
1,557 citations
Cites background from "I.1 The Work of a Discovering Scien..."
...Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (to appear) 8 from the conduct of science ( Garfinkel et al., 1981 ) to crossing the street (Sudnow, 1972)....
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...Ethnomethodology is concerned with social action in general, and its approach to examining how orderliness of action arises from within has been applied to a wide range of forms of social action, from the conduct of science (Garfinkel et al. 1981) to crossing the street (Sudnow 1972)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a method of engaged scholarship is proposed to address the knowledge gap between theory and practice, arguing that engaged scholarship not only enhances the relevance of research for practice but also contributes significantly to advancing research knowledge in a given domain.
Abstract: We examine three related ways in which the gap between theory and practice has been framed. One approach views it as a knowledge transfer problem, a second argues that theory and practice represent distinct kinds of knowledge, and a third incorporates a strategy of arbitrage--leading to the view that the gap is a knowledge production problem. We propose a method of engaged scholarship for addressing the knowledge production problem, arguing that engaged scholarship not only enhances the relevance of research for practice but also contributes significantly to advancing research knowledge in a given domain.
1,427 citations
Cites background from "I.1 The Work of a Discovering Scien..."
...So also, studies of working scientists and scholars by Garfinkel, Lynch, and Livingston (1981), Latour (1986), and Knorr-Cetina and Amann (1990) indicate that improvisation underlies the process in which scientists actually construct models, enact experimental runs, design and interpret data,…...
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