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Journal ArticleDOI

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae.

TL;DR: The Flaviviridae is a family of small enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 9000–13 000 bases that infect mammals and birds and many are important human and veterinary pathogens.
Abstract: The Flaviviridae is a family of small enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 9000–13 000 bases. Most infect mammals and birds. Many flaviviruses are host-specific and pathogenic, such as hepatitis C virus in the genus Hepacivirus. The majority of known members in the genus Flavivirus are arthropod borne, and many are important human and veterinary pathogens (e.g. yellow fever virus, dengue virus). This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the taxonomy of the Flaviviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Report provides a comprehensive description of all virus taxa covering virus structure, genome structure, biology and phylogenetics, and is replacing the previous hard-copy edition with a completely open access, continuously updated publication.
Abstract: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is charged with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy. This task encompasses the classification of virus species and higher-level taxa according to the genetic and biological properties of their members; naming virus taxa; maintaining a database detailing the currently approved taxonomy; and providing the database, supporting proposals, and other virus-related information from an open-access, public web site. The ICTV web site (http://ictv.global) provides access to the current taxonomy database in online and downloadable formats, and maintains a complete history of virus taxa back to the first release in 1971. The ICTV has also published the ICTV Report on Virus Taxonomy starting in 1971. This Report provides a comprehensive description of all virus taxa covering virus structure, genome structure, biology and phylogenetics. The ninth ICTV report, published in 2012, is available as an open-access online publication from the ICTV web site. The current, 10th report (http://ictv.global/report/), is being published online, and is replacing the previous hard-copy edition with a completely open access, continuously updated publication. No other database or resource exists that provides such a comprehensive, fully annotated compendium of information on virus taxa and taxonomy.

656 citations


Cites background from "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..."

  • ...These profiles serve as citable references for the Online Report chapters (22)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven new species in the genus Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae) are proposed in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host-independent manner using the format Pestvirus X.
Abstract: We propose the creation of seven new species in the genus Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae) in addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host-independent manner using the format Pestivirus X. Only the virus species names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original names. The original species would be re-designated as Pestivirus A (original designation B ovine viral diarrhea virus 1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2), Pestivirus C (Classical swine fever virus) and Pestivirus D (Border disease virus). The seven new species (and example isolates) would be Pestivirus E (pronghorn pestivirus), Pestivirus F (Bungowannah virus), Pestivirus G (giraffe pestivirus), Pestivirus H (Hobi-like pestivirus), Pestivirus I (Aydin-like pestivirus), Pestivirus J (rat pestivirus) and Pestivirus K (atypical porcine pestivirus). A bat-derived virus and pestiviruses identified from sheep and goat (Tunisian sheep pestiviruses), which lack complete coding region sequences, may represent two additional species.

239 citations


Cites background or methods from "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..."

  • ...The genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae currently comprises four species, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2), Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) [1, 2]....

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  • ...The pestivirus sequences were monophyletic in a phylogenetic tree constructed using these NS5B amino acid sequences [1]....

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  • ...Abbreviations: APPV, atypical porcine pestivirus; BDV, Border disease virus; BVDV-1, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1; BVDV-2, Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2; CSFV, Classical swine fever virus; cp, cytopathogenic; ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses....

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  • ...LC089876, KX577637, KX987157, LT631725), BVDV2 (AF002227, LC006970, KT875169, KT832818, KJ000672, HQ258810, JF714967, AB567658, FJ527854, GQ888686, KX096718), CSFV (X87939, J04358, FJ529205, AY646427, KF669877, KP233070, KM362426, KJ619377, KC851953, GQ923951, AF407339, KU504339), BDV (AF037405, AB897785, KJ463422, KF925348, KF918753, KC963426, GU270877, U70263, AF144618), Hobi-like (FJ040215, KC788748, KC297709, JX985409, JX469119, JQ612704, HQ231763, AB871953), giraffe (AF144617, KJ660072), Aydin-like (KM408491, JX428945), pronghorn (AY781152), rat (KJ950914), Bungowannah (EF100713), APPV (KU041639, KR011347, KU194229, LT594521, KX77872, KX929062)....

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  • ...A scan of amino acid variability across pestivirus genomes (50 residue window shifted by 10 residues) using a single representative from each existing or proposed species (BVDV-1/M96751, BVDV-2/AF002227, CSFV/AF326963, BDV/AF037405, Hobi-like/FJ040215, giraffe/AF144617, pronghorn/AY781152, Bungowannah/EF100713, Aydinlike/JX428945, rat/KJ950914, APPV/KU041639) revealed several regions of sequence conservation with mean pdistances consistently 0.5 and therefore potentially more suitable for phylogenetic analysis (Fig....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The redundancy in receptor usage suggests that viruses target particular receptors or “common locks” to take advantage of their cellular function and also suggests evolutionary conservation.

205 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 May 2017-Viruses
TL;DR: The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent.
Abstract: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a globally-distributed agent responsible for numerous clinical syndromes that lead to major economic losses. Two species, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, discriminated on the basis of genetic and antigenic differences, are classified in the genus Pestivirus within the Flaviviridae family and distributed on all of the continents. BVDV-1 can be segregated into at least twenty-one subgenotypes (1a-1u), while four subgenotypes have been described for BVDV-2 (2a-2d). With respect to published sequences, the number of virus isolates described for BVDV-1 (88.2%) is considerably higher than for BVDV-2 (11.8%). The most frequently-reported BVDV-1 subgenotype are 1b, followed by 1a and 1c. The highest number of various BVDV subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, indicating greater genetic diversity of the virus on this continent. Current segregation of BVDV field isolates and the designation of subgenotypes are not harmonized. While the species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 can be clearly differentiated independently from the portion of the genome being compared, analysis of different genomic regions can result in inconsistent assignment of some BVDV isolates to defined subgenotypes. To avoid non-conformities the authors recommend the development of a harmonized system for subdivision of BVDV isolates into defined subgenotypes.

164 citations


Cites background from "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..."

  • ...Currently, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognizes four approved Pestivirus species: BVDV-1, BVDV-2, Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Border disease virus (BDV) [2]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is very unlikely that global eradication and elimination of the cancer risk associated with HCV infection can be achieved without a vaccine, yet research in that direction receives little attention and funding for HCV research must be sustained.

119 citations


Cites background from "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..."

  • ...This linkage can be important for efficient adaptation e.g. to drug treatment or antiviral immune responses, the latter being a major obstacle in vaccine development (Bukh, 2016; Simmonds et al., 2017)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structural organization of these viruses and their associated structural proteins has provided insight into the molecular transitions that occur during the viral life cycle, such as assembly, budding, maturation and fusion.
Abstract: Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and yellow fever belong to the Flavivirus genus, which is a member of the Flaviviridae family. They are human pathogens that cause large epidemics and tens of thousands of deaths annually in many parts of the world. The structural organization of these viruses and their associated structural proteins has provided insight into the molecular transitions that occur during the viral life cycle, such as assembly, budding, maturation and fusion. This review focuses mainly on structural studies of dengue virus.

1,167 citations


"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Flavivirus This genus consists primarily of >50 species of arthropodborne viruses, with distinct groups infecting mosquitoes or ticks [1]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Aug 2005-Nature
TL;DR: The recent discovery of natural immunity to the hepatitis C virus and vaccine efficacy in the chimpanzee challenge model has allowed optimism about the development of at least a partly effective vaccine against this heterogeneous pathogen.
Abstract: The recent discovery of natural immunity to the hepatitis C virus and vaccine efficacy in the chimpanzee challenge model has allowed optimism about the development of at least a partly effective vaccine against this heterogeneous pathogen that is responsible for much of the chronic liver disease around the world. The immune systems of some infected individuals can spontaneously clear the virus, whereas other people need treatment with antivirals that work partly by stimulating humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, therapeutic vaccine strategies are also being pursued to improve treatment outcome.

324 citations


"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Hepacivirus This genus includes hepatitis C virus, a major human pathogen causing progressive liver disease [3], and several other viruses of unknown pathogenicity that infect horses, rodents, bats, cows and primates [4]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Only GBV-B, a second species within the genus Hepacivirus (type species hepatitis C virus), has been shown to cause hepatitis; it causes acute hepatitis in experimentally infected tamarins.
Abstract: In 1967, it was reported that experimental inoculation of serum from a surgeon (G.B.) with acute hepatitis into tamarins resulted in hepatitis. In 1995, two new members of the family Flaviviridae, named GBV-A and GBV-B, were identified in tamarins that developed hepatitis following inoculation with the 11th GB passage. Neither virus infects humans, and a number of GBV-A variants were identified in wild New World monkeys that were captured. Subsequently, a related human virus was identified [named GBV-C or hepatitis G virus (HGV)], and recently a more distantly related virus (named GBV-D) was discovered in bats. Only GBV-B, a second species within the genus Hepacivirus (type species hepatitis C virus), has been shown to cause hepatitis; it causes acute hepatitis in experimentally infected tamarins. The other GB viruses have however not been assigned to a genus within the family Flaviviridae. Based on phylogenetic relationships, genome organization and pathogenic features of the GB viruses, we propose to classify GBV-A-like viruses, GBV-C and GBV-D as members of a fourth genus in the family Flaviviridae, named Pegivirus (pe, persistent; g, GB or G). We also propose renaming ‘GB’ viruses within the tentative genus Pegivirus to reflect their host origin.

274 citations


"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Pegivirus Members are widely distributed in a range of mammalian species, in which they cause persistent infections [5]....

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Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV), and helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection.
Abstract: Pestiviruses are among the economically most important pathogens of livestock. The biology of these viruses is characterized by unique and interesting features that are both crucial for their success as pathogens and challenging from a scientific point of view. Elucidation of these features at the molecular level has made striking progress during recent years. The analyses revealed that major aspects of pestivirus biology show significant similarity to the biology of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). The detailed molecular analyses conducted for pestiviruses and HCV supported and complemented each other during the last three decades resulting in elucidation of the functions of viral proteins and RNA elements in replication and virus-host interaction. For pestiviruses, the analyses also helped to shed light on the molecular basis of persistent infection, a special strategy these viruses have evolved to be maintained within their host population. The results of these investigations are summarized in this chapter.

181 citations


"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Pestivirus These viruses infect pigs and ruminants, including cattle, sheep, goats and wild ruminants [2], and are transmitted through contact with infected secretions (respiratory droplets, urine or faeces)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Identification and characterization of novel hepaciviruses may in addition lead to development of tractable animal models to study HCV persistence, immune responses and pathogenesis, given the current shortage of immunocompetent models for robust HCV infection.

83 citations


"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviv..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Hepacivirus This genus includes hepatitis C virus, a major human pathogen causing progressive liver disease [3], and several other viruses of unknown pathogenicity that infect horses, rodents, bats, cows and primates [4]....

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