Identification and Classification of Plastic Resins using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
22 May 2012-World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering-Vol. 6, Iss: 5, pp 877-884
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-filter approach was proposed for the identification and separation of plastic resins based on near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, which is capable of distinguish among polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylenes (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS).
Abstract: In this paper, an automated system is presented for identification and separation of plastic resins based on near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. For identification and separation among resins, a \"Two-Filter\" identification method is proposed that is capable to distinguish among polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Through surveying effects of parameters such as surface contamination, sample thickness, label and cap existence, it was obvious that the \"Two-Filter\" method has a high efficiency in identification of resins. It is shown that accurate identification and separation of five major resins can be obtained through calculating the relative reflectance at two wavelengths in the NIR region. Keywords—Identification, Near Infrared, Plastic, Separation, Spectroscopy
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the Canada's Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario to Communitech Corporation's DATABASE program; COM DEV International Ltd., exactEarth Ltd., Canada Excellence Research Chair (CERC) program.
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Cites background from "Identification and Classification o..."
...Plastics have characteristic absorbance and reflectance spectra in the near-infrared (NIR) domain (~750–2500 nm) (Masoumi et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the spectral reflectance of microplastics (5mm) washed ashore along the USA west coast and virgin plastic pellets over a wavelength range from 350 to 2500 nm.
111 citations
TL;DR: Results have shown that a rapid and reliable identification of PET and PVC can be achieved by using a simple two near-infrared wavelength operator coupled to an analysis of reflectance spectra, which resulted in 100% classification accuracy.
Abstract: Traditional plants for plastic separation in homogeneous products employ material physical properties (for instance density). Due to the small intervals of variability of different polymer properties, the output quality may not be adequate. Sensing technologies based on hyperspectral imaging have been introduced in order to classify materials and to increase the quality of recycled products, which have to comply with specific standards determined by industrial applications. This paper presents the results of the characterization of two different plastic polymers—polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—in different phases of their life cycle (primary raw materials, urban and urban-assimilated waste and secondary raw materials) to show the contribution of hyperspectral sensors in the field of material recycling. This is accomplished via near-infrared (900–1700 nm) reflectance spectra extracted from hyperspectral images acquired with a two-linear-spectrometer apparatus. Results have shown that a rapid and reliable identification of PET and PVC can be achieved by using a simple two near-infrared wavelength operator coupled to an analysis of reflectance spectra. This resulted in 100% classification accuracy. A sensor based on this identification method appears suitable and inexpensive to build and provides the necessary speed and performance required by the recycling industry.
81 citations
Cites methods from "Identification and Classification o..."
...The position of this spectral feature has been determined by measuring the ratio of the absorbance at 1716 nm and at 1660 nm by [27] and analyzing absorbance values at 1656 nm for PET and at 1712 for PVC by [42]....
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TL;DR: In this review, the impacts of landfill chemistry on the degradation and/or contamination of excavated plastic waste are analysed and the feasibility of using excavate plastic waste as feedstock for upcycling to valuable chemicals or liquid fuels through thermochemical conversion is critically discussed.
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TL;DR: The newly developed Plastic Index (PI) was able to identify plastic objects floating on the water surface and was the most effective index in identifying the plastic litter target in the sea.
Abstract: Plastic litter floating in the ocean is a significant problem on a global scale. This study examines whether Sentinel-2 satellite images can be used to identify plastic litter on the sea surface for monitoring, collection and disposal. A pilot study was conducted to determine if plastic targets on the sea surface can be detected using remote sensing techniques with Sentinel-2 data. A target made up of plastic water bottles with a surface measuring 3 m × 10 m was created, which was subsequently placed in the sea near the Old Port in Limassol, Cyprus. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was used to acquire multispectral aerial images of the area of interest during the same time as the Sentinel-2 satellite overpass. Spectral signatures of the water and the plastic litter after it was placed in the water were taken with an SVC HR1024 spectroradiometer. The study found that the plastic litter target was easiest to detect in the NIR wavelengths. Seven established indices for satellite image processing were examined to determine whether they can identify plastic litter in the water. Further, the authors examined two new indices, the Plastics Index (PI) and the Reversed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RNDVI) to be used in the processing of the satellite image. The newly developed Plastic Index (PI) was able to identify plastic objects floating on the water surface and was the most effective index in identifying the plastic litter target in the sea.
72 citations
References
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TL;DR: The recycling of post-consumer PET (POSTC-PET) as a technology is a cross-disciplinary practice with many fields of science involved including polymer chemistry and physics, process engineering and manufacturing engineering.
731 citations
"Identification and Classification o..." refers background in this paper
...The presence of polyvinyl chloride in the polyethylene terephthalate recycling process is harmful, due to the presence of chlorine, and lowers the product quality, namely colour and viscosity [3,4]....
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Book•
01 Jan 1982TL;DR: In this paper, the concepts of instrumentation and mass spectrometry are discussed. And the concept of mass spectroscopy is discussed in terms of gas chromatography and liquid mobile phases surface analysis.
Abstract: Concepts of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry Introduction to Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Visible and Ultraviolet Molecular Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Atomic Emission Spectroscopy X-Ray Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry I: Principles and Instrumentation Mass Spectrometry II: Spectral Intrepretation Principles of Chromatography Gas Chromatography Chromatography with Liquid Mobile Phases Surface Analysis Electroanalytical Chemistry Thermal Analysis
248 citations
24 May 2023
TL;DR: In this article , the concepts of instrumentation and mass spectrometry are discussed. And the concept of mass spectroscopy is discussed in terms of gas chromatography and liquid mobile phases surface analysis.
Abstract: Concepts of Instrumental Analytical Chemistry Introduction to Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Infrared Spectroscopy Visible and Ultraviolet Molecular Spectroscopy Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Atomic Emission Spectroscopy X-Ray Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry I: Principles and Instrumentation Mass Spectrometry II: Spectral Intrepretation Principles of Chromatography Gas Chromatography Chromatography with Liquid Mobile Phases Surface Analysis Electroanalytical Chemistry Thermal Analysis
230 citations
TL;DR: In comparison with the conventional mixed collection and transportation system of household waste, the established source separation and management system is cost-effective and could be extended to the entire city and used by other cities in China as a source of reference.
196 citations
"Identification and Classification o..." refers background in this paper
...The challenge of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become a priority for governments all over the world [1]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a two-colour fixed filter near-infrared spectrometer in conjunction with a simple ratio circuit was used for sorting polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride.
Abstract: This paper describes a simple device for automated sorting of post-consumer plastic waste. It is shown that rapid and reliable identification of certain polymers can be achieved by using a simple two-colour fixed filter near-infrared spectrometer in conjunction with a simple ratio circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in sorting of polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride. A sensor based on this identification method is inexpensive to build and provides the necessary speed and performance required by the recycling industry.
80 citations
"Identification and Classification o..." refers methods in this paper
...Scott [9] proposed a method for the identification and separation of PET and PVC resins from each other....
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...Optical and spectroscopic-based sorter can be used to separate plastic on the basis of colour [7,8] or type [9,10]....
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