Identification of aphid resistance in eleven species from Dendranthema and Artemisia at seedling stage
TL;DR: The results showed that the aphid-resistance reduced with average damage index of aphid(I*) value increased under the field condition, and there is a growing need to screen Aphid-resistant germplasm from Dendranthema and its closely related genera Artemisia L. for the breeding of chrysanthemum.
About: This article is published in Acta Ecologica Sinica.The article was published on 2012-01-01. It has received 9 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Aphid.
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TL;DR: The inheritance model and molecular markers identified for aphid resistance facilitate the ongoing breeding activities in chrysanthemum, and are crucial to breed new chrysantshemums with strong aphid Resistance.
18 citations
TL;DR: A panel of 19 accessions of commercial chrysanthemum near-relatives were screened for their reaction to white rust infection in separate greenhouse trials carried out at two independent sites in eastern China, one in 2010 and the other in 2012.
Abstract: White rust (causative pathogen Puccinia horiana) is a destructive disease of commercial chrysanthemum crops. A panel of 19 accessions of commercial chrysanthemum near-relatives (four Ajania species, 11 Chrysanthemum species including five accessions of Chrysanthemum indicum) were screened for their reaction to white rust infection in separate greenhouse trials carried out at two independent sites in eastern China, one in 2010 and the other in 2012. The reaction of the accessions to artificial inoculation ranged from immune to highly susceptible. Accessions of Chrysanthemum indicum, C. yoshinaganthum, C. makinoi var. wakasaense, C. nankingense, C. vestitum, C. lavandulifolium, C. crassum, and Ajania tripinnatisecta were immune, and strong resistance was present in C. japonense, C. 3 shimotomaii, and A. przewalskii. Most of the accessions behaved similarly in the two trials, but two of the C. indicum accessions produced inconsistent results, each being highly resistant in one trial but susceptible in the other. Because wide crosses are relatively easy to achieve in the chrysanthemum complex, these immune and highly resistant accessions represent promising germplasm for white rust resistance breeding. Chrysanthemum white rust (causative pathogen Puccinia horiana Hennings) is a notifiable disease, which infects chrysanthemum plants grown for the cut flower and pot plant trade, largely because they are routinely cultivated under glass or in plastic tunnels where the microclimate favors the growth of the pathogen. The global trade in chrysanthemum has dispersed the disease from the site of its first documentation in Japan in 1895 to China, South Africa, and Europe (Baker, 1967; Firman and Martin, 1968; Whipps, 1993) and by now has become endemic to most chrysanthemum-growing areas (Cook, 2001; Göre, 2008; O’Keefe and Davis, 2012). The pathogen is an obligate biotroph, which colonizes young leaves and flower buds (Yamada, 1956). Under conditions of high humidity and mild temperature, its teliospores, which develop within a pustule on the abaxial leaf surface within 14 to 18 d post-infection (Zandvoort et al., 1968b), germinate to form a promycelium. Each promycelium bears a mean of two infective propagules (basidiospores) (Kapooria and Zadoks, 1973), which can be dispersed by wind over a distance of up to 700 m (Zandvoort, 1968b). Although white rust can be chemically controlled (Dickens, 1990; Zadoks et al., 1969; Zandvoort et al., 1968a), the use of fungicides is associated with both environmental hazards and an increased production cost (Waard et al., 1993); overdependence on their use has already led to the appearance of tolerant strains (Abiko et al., 1977; Cook, 2001). The more sustainable strategy of exploiting genetically determined resistance requires the identification of sources of resistance, as first attempted by Dickens (1968) and Martin and Firman (1970). DeJong and Rademaker (1986) have suggested that resistance is most commonly under monogenic control. Outside of the primary gene pool, a number of related species have been shown to harbor variation of relevance to aphid tolerance (Sun et al., 2012), to Alternaria leaf spot resistance (Xu et al., 2011), and to tolerance of various abiotic stresses (Guan et al., 2010; Yin et al., 2009). Several Chrysanthemum spp. have been reported as resistant to white rust (Dickens, 1968; Hiratsuka, 1957) and an intergeneric hybrid between chrysanthemum and Artemisia sieversiana has been shown to be more resistant than the chrysanthemum parent (Furuta et al., 2004). Hybridization between commercial chrysanthemum and various Ajania and Chrysanthmum spp. has been repeatedly achieved (Cheng et al., 2011; Deng et al., 2011), so wide crossing could have considerable potential for white rust resistance breeding. Here, we report the evaluation for the white rust resistance shown by a panel of 19 Ajania and Chrysanthemum spp. involving two independent trials. To our knowledge, this represents the first such survey of the potential of Ajania and Chrysanthemum spp. to provide a source of genetic resistance to white rust. Materials and Methods Plant materials and inoculation. The set of 19 accessions including species from Ajania (four species) and Chrysanthemum (10 species with five accessions of Chrysanthemum indicum) (Table 1) was obtained from the Chrysanthemum Germplasm Resource Preserving Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. The commercial cultivar Jinba served as a white rust-susceptible control to indicate inoculations were succeeded or not. Screening was carried out on plants grown in two different plastic greenhouses in eastern China, one in 2010 (‘‘Trial 1’’) and the other in 2012 (‘‘Trial 2’’). For Trial 1, morphologically uniform 3-week-old rooted cuttings (eight to 10 leaf stage) were grown at a site located at lat. 34.06 N, long. 118.28 E. The plastic house was initially treated with carbendazim and mancozeb, after which a minimum of 30 cuttings per accession were planted in a single 10-m row with an interplant spacing of 20 to 30 cm and an interrow spacing of 0.5 m. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block with three replications (McIntosh, 1983). Overhead irrigation was provided with a sprinkler. No fertilizer or fungicide was applied during the whole experimental process (1 May to 30 June). Seven days after planting, the cuttings were inoculated with teliospores collected from diseased cv. Jinba plants. To minimize disease escape, they were inoculated first using the fraction method elaborated by Zhu et al. (2011), then a day later using a spray method derived from Zandvoort (1968a); briefly, the infected leaves containing white rust pustules were cut into small pieces and were dispersed in deionized water and filtered through medical gauze to remove any plant debris. The concentration of the pathogenic spore suspension was then adjusted using a hemacytometer slide to a concentration of 1 · 10 zoosporangia/mL with deionized water containing one drop of Tween 20 before application to the plants until runoff using a handheld sprayer. The plants were covered with a black polythene sheet for the first 48 h postinoculation both to maintain a high relative humidity and to exclude light (Yamada, 1956). Thereafter the temperature was kept within the range 15 to 25 C, and supplementary light was given to provide a 16-h photoperiod. The relative humidity was kept above 80% by the use of 360 rotating sprinklers for overhead sprinkling, in which water pressure Received for publication 17 Apr. 2013. Accepted for publication 28 July 2013. This research was financially supported by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology 863 project (2011AA100208), the Chinese Ministry of Education for New Century Excellent Talents in University Program (NCET-10-0492), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KYZ201112), the Jiangsu Province Science and Technology Program (BE2011325, BE2012350), and the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (BK2011641). We thank Suqian Richangsheng Gardening Co., Ltd. and Xianhuashengchanjidi Co. Ltd. for the use of greenhouse facilities. We appreciate the constructive suggestions made by Dr. Pengfang Zhu. To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail chensm@njau.edu.cn. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 48(10) OCTOBER 2013 1231 was 200 Kpa, flow was 27.8 L·h, and maximum range was 3.5 m (Lemiao Irrigation Equipment Factory, Zhejiang, China) every 2 h during the day. The Trial 2 plastic house was sited at lat. 34.32 N, long. 118.12 E. Planting period, plant layout, inoculation procedure, and field management were as for Trial 1. The fungal inoculum used in this trial was collected from diseased cv. Iwanohakusen. Disease monitoring and classification. The latent period, infection type, disease severity, and disease incidence were recorded at the time when teliospore-containing pustules had become well developed. Monitoring was continued until 52 d post-inoculation (dpi). The latent period was defined as the number of days elapsed between inoculation and the first appearance of symptoms (Browne and Cooke, 2004). Infection type was represented by a 0 to 5 scale, which was observed from the majority (15 or greater) of individual data, adapted from Pathan and Park (2006) and Zhu et al. (2011), in which ‘‘0’’ indicated no visible symptoms, ‘‘1’’ indicated rare visible yellowish hypersensitive flecks are discernible, ‘‘2’’ indicated a few small yellowish flecks and very little telia on the back, ‘‘3’’ indicated more small or few large yellowish necrosis and clear telia on the back, ‘‘4’’ indicated large and continuous yellowish necrosis and clear telia on the back, and ‘‘5’’ indicated massive large and continuous yellowish necrosis and diffusible telia on the back and some leaves even roll or rot. Disease incidence (I) was given by the ratio between the average number of diseased and nondiseased leaves on a plant from 30 individuals per accession. A mean disease severity measure (Ŝ, given by the mean proportion of leaf area infected) was calculated from 30 infected leaves per accession; both the area of diseased leaf surface and the overall leaf area were obtained from scanned images of the leaves following Igathinathane et al. (2006). A disease index (DI) was then derived from the expression I · Ŝ · 100 based on rule for resistance evaluation of wheat to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) (Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, 2007). Statistical analysis. SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all statistical calculations. A one-way analysis of variance, in conjunction with the Duncan multiple range test, was used to assess whether accessions differed significantly from one another for their reaction to infection.
16 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that SA could be used to increase aphid resistance in the chrysanthemum by increasing levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, MDA, and flavonoids, and their related gene expression.
Abstract: Phloem-feeding aphids cause serious damage to plants. The mechanisms of plant-aphid interactions are only partially understood and involve multiple pathways, including phytohormones. In order to investigate whether salicylic acid (SA) is involved and how it plays a part in the defense response to the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanbourni, physiological changes and gene expression profiles in response to aphid inoculation with or without SA pretreatment were compared between the aphid-resistant Artemisia vulgaris 'Variegata' and the susceptible chrysanthemum, Dendranthema nankingense. Changes in levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde (MDA), and flavonoids, and in the expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, including PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI (chalcone isomerase), F3H (flavanone 3-hydroxylase), F3'H (flavanone 3'-hydroxylase), and DFR (dihydroflavonol reductase), were investigated. Levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, MDA, and flavonoids, and their related gene expression, increased after aphid infestation and SA pretreatment followed by aphid infestation; the aphid-resistant A. vulgaris exhibited a more rapid response than the aphid-susceptible D. nankingense to SA treatment and aphid infestation. Taken together, our results suggest that SA could be used to increase aphid resistance in the chrysanthemum.
14 citations
Cites background from "Identification of aphid resistance ..."
...Different chrysanthemum cultivars and closely related wild species exhibit different levels of aphid resistance (Sun et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: The cabbage cultivar Yuanbao was resistant to M. persicae and could be used in the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs against the aphid in the field.
Abstract: The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an important pest of many crops in the world and a vector of more than 100 plant viruses. It is a major pest of Brassica vegetables such as Chinese cabbage in northern China. Chemical control is extensively used to manage this aphid around the world; however, development of insecticide resistance has been a major obstacle facing growers. Host plant resistance in Chinese cabbage against M. persicae has not been reported yet. In this study, we investigated the resistance categories in seven Chinese cabbage cultivars against M. persicae. The resistance categories of these cultivars included antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance related to leaf color and wax content. The cultivar 'Yuanbao' had antibiotic and tolerance effects on the aphid. The rate of intrinsic increase (rm) of M. persicae was lower on Yuanbao compared with the other six cultivars. Yuanbao also had the highest antibiosis against the aphid. The aphid preferred 'Qingan 80', which had the highest wavelength (green) in leaf color. The highest wax content was found in Yuanbao, which had a significantly negative correlation with the preference of M. persicae. The cabbage cultivar Yuanbao was resistant to M. persicae and could be used in the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs against the aphid in the field.
14 citations
TL;DR: Findings add further understanding of the genetic determination of aphid resistance, and the identified favorable alleles and donor parents open a possibility to produce chrysanthemums with enhanced aphid Resistance in future.
Abstract: Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanbourni, is a major insect pest that adversely affects ornamental quality and production of chrysanthemum, thus it is critical to develop new cultivars resistant to aphid. However, the genetic mechanism governing aphid resistance is thus far not thoroughly investigated in chrysanthemum. This study aimed to characterize the genetic variation of the aphid resistance in a global collection of 80 chrysanthemum entries, during summer and autumn under greenhouse condition, and to identify the molecular markers for aphid resistance by association mapping. The performances of aphid resistance, quantified by the average damage index of aphid, was significantly correlated (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) between two seasons. The coefficients phenotypic and genetic variation was calculated around 26–27%; and a high magnitude (0.93) of broad-sense heritability, together with a moderate relative genetic advance (~ 68%), was estimated for aphid resistance. By using the MLM model that integrates population structure and kinship matrix as covariates association mapping identified 11 markers related to aphid resistance, with the individually explained phenotypic variation ranging from ~ 11 to ~ 57%. Of the three markers predicted in both seasons, SSR184-1 and E1M5-1were identified as favorable alleles for aphid resistance. Seven cultivars harboring the two favorable alleles were identified as potential donor parents for future improvement of resistance against aphid. These findings add further understanding of the genetic determination of aphid resistance, and the identified favorable alleles and donor parents open a possibility to produce chrysanthemums with enhanced aphid resistance in future.
7 citations
Cites background or methods from "Identification of aphid resistance ..."
...With variable susceptibility to aphids identified for different resources, the morphological, anatomical, physiological and biochemical response of chrysanthemum to aphid infestation have been addressed in some detail (He et al. 2010, 2011; Sun et al. 2012, 2016)....
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...To date, multiple protocols have been reported regarding aphid resistance evaluation in chrysanthemum (Deng et al. 2010; Sun et al. 2012;Wang et al. 2014; Li et al. 2016), but as yet few of them was acceptable for the purpose of assessing the resistance in a large population....
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...To date, multiple protocols have been reported regarding aphid resistance evaluation in chrysanthemum (Deng et al. 2010; Sun et al. 2012;Wang et al. 2014; Li et al. 2016), but as yet few of them was acceptable for the purpose of assessing the resistance in a large population....
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...Then the aphid resistance was estimated by aphid damage index (I) following the formulae (Sun et al. 2012): I = P (Fi 9 DLi)7 (N 9 DLmax), where Fi represented the frequency of the ith damage level;DLi the value of the ith damage level; N the total number of plants per replicate per entry; DLmax…...
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...Then the aphid resistance was estimated by aphid damage index (I) following the formulae (Sun et al. 2012): I = P (Fi 9 DLi)7 (N 9 DLmax), where Fi represented the frequency of the ith damage level;DLi the value of the ith damage level; N the total number of plants per replicate per entry; DLmax the highest value of damage level....
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References
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TL;DR: Investigation of whether the induction of SA and PAL activity is related to the susceptibility of barley to aphid infestation found that cv.
Abstract: It has been suggested that salicylic acid (SA) is a signal in acquired resistance to pathogens in several plants. Also, it has been suggested that infestation of plants causes an increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key phenolic biosynthesis enzyme. The purpose of this work was to investigate whether the induction of SA and PAL activity is related to the susceptibility of barley to aphid infestation. The induction of free and conjugated SA in two barley cultivars that differ in susceptibility to aphids was analyzed. Analyses of several physiological parameters showed that cv. UNA-80 was more susceptible to the aphid Schizaphis graminum than cv. LM-109. Salicylic acid was not detected in noninfested plants. Levels of free and conjugated SA in cv. LM-109 and of conjugated SA in cv. UNA-80 increased with aphid infestation, whereas the levels of free SA in cv. UNA-80 remained high under all infestation degrees. Maximum values reached in both cultivars were not significantly different. With respect to PAL activity, cv. LM-109 showed a significantly higher specific activity than cv. UNA-80, the more susceptible cultivar. The relationship between the susceptibility of a plant to aphid and SA induction and PAL activity is discussed.
144 citations
TL;DR: The effect of a previous infestation by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on the settling behaviour and reproduction of the same aphid species was investigated in the resistant peach cultivar Rubira, and compared with that observed in the susceptible control cultivar GF305.
Abstract: The effect of a previous infestation by the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on the settling behaviour and reproduction of the same aphid species was investigated in the resistant peach cultivar Rubira, and compared with that observed in the susceptible control cultivar GF305. A previous infestation of 48 h triggered induced resistance in Rubira. There were significantly fewer aphids settling on preinfested than on uninfested plants, indicating an increased rejection of Rubira as a host plant. The level of induced resistance in preinfested plants was positively related to the duration of the first infestation. In GF305, previous infestation had no detrimental effect on aphid settlement and even slightly enhanced larviposition by adult females. The aphid probing behaviour after a 48-h preinfestation was also monitored for 8 h with the electrical peneration graph (EPG) technique. On preinfested GF305, most EPG parameters indicated an enhanced host plant acceptance. On preinfested GF305, aphids produced less sieve element salivation and more continuous sap ingestion than on uninfested GF305, indicating that the previous aphids provoked changes in plant properties beneficial to the test aphids. In Rubira, a major induced factor of resistance was thought to be expressed in the sieve element as phloem sap ingestion was 4-fold shorter on preinfested than on uninfested plants. The time taken by the aphid stylets to reach a sieve element was also significantly increased on preinfested Rubira, suggesting the induction of resistance factors outside the phloem. The originality of the Rubira/M. persicae interaction is discussed in the perspective of a better understanding of plant induced responses to aphids.
76 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that plant response to conditions where carbon is present in excess (elevated CO2) or its consumption is exceeded by its availability (drought) is heterogeneous at the cellular level.
Abstract: The effects of drought and elevated CO2 on the performance of sap-feeding aphids is considered. It is assumed that, for these stressors, the major influence will act through altering host plant composition and therefore diet. Changes in the plant may affect the ability to locate phloem tissues, while changes in composition of the sieve element forming the aphid diet may have more direct effects. It is concluded that plant response to conditions where carbon is present in excess (elevated CO2) or its consumption is exceeded by its availability (drought) is heterogeneous at the cellular level. The complexities of the response of the plant to components of climate change are paralleled by the diversity of the responses of aphids to drought and elevated CO2. Potential control points are discussed and it is concluded that current knowledge, both descriptive and mechanistic, supports the view that it is unreasonable to expect that a single plant component can predict the general response of aphids to climate change. Instead, it is more likely that aphids use a variety of cues when interacting with their host plants, and individual species respond to changes in their diet differently. Further work examining the response of both plant and aphid transcriptome and metabolome will support or contradict this hypothesis.
73 citations
TL;DR: A rapid, simple and reliable technique was developed for evaluating Brassica accessions in the glasshouse for resistance to Brevicoryne brassicae, the cabbage aphid, and the most promising gene pool was kale, where a higher than expected number of resistant accessions were found.
Abstract: A rapid, simple and reliable technique was developed for evaluating Brassica accessions in the glasshouse for resistance to Brevicoryne brassicae, the cabbage aphid. Brassica accessions were grouped into crop types with similar habit and vigour for evaluation. 401 Brassica oleracea accessions, representing the genetic and geographic diversity of the species, were evaluated for resistance to a population of B. brassicae collected originally from HRI, Wellesbourne. Ninety eight accessions were identified as being moderately resistant (grade 3) or partially resistant (grade 4). Re-testing of accessions in the glasshouse identified 12 moderately resistant and 43 partially resistant accessions. The most promising gene pool was kale, where a higher than expected number of resistant accessions were found. Three of the kales were consistently rated as moderately resistant in all tests. In contrast the broccoli gene pool was a poor source of resistance with less (one out of 46) resistant accessions than expected. Eleven of the kales graded 3 were tested in the field in 1995 and resistance to B. brassicae was confirmed. Ten accessions were also tested for resistance to two additional populations of B. brassicae, one from Greece and the other from Portugal. The results provided no evidence of aphid biotype/host specific differences in the resistance of these B. oleracea accessions.
45 citations
TL;DR: Experimental evidence is presented to show that resistant trees can sufficiently affect P .
Abstract: Available information on the interaction between Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and its host Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., is examined. Based on a theoretical consideration of this information, a new mechanism is proposed to explain the resistance exhibited by some of the genetically distinct individuals of some provenances of this species. Experimental evidence is presented to show that resistant trees can sufficiently affect P . strobi reproduction and progeny development and survival to reduce this pest’s ability to kill the leaders of these trees when challenged with weevils containing already mature eggs. Our mechanism also provides an explanation as to how weevils are able to avoid attacking and reproducing on resistant trees in which their progeny would fail.
29 citations