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Journal ArticleDOI

Identification of Nostoc punctiforme akinete-expressed genes using differential display.

01 Aug 2006-Molecular Microbiology (Blackwell Publishing Ltd)-Vol. 61, Iss: 3, pp 748-757
TL;DR: To identify genes associated with akinete development, differential display was used to amplify and compare cDNA from a wild‐type and zwf mutant strain of N. punctiforme following a switch to dark heterotrophic conditions and three novel akinete‐expressed genes were identified.
Abstract: Akinetes are spore-like resting cells formed by certain filamentous cyanobacteria that have increased resistance to environmental stress. They can be found at low frequencies in dense cultures experiencing low light or phosphate limitation, but also form at high frequencies in a zwf mutant strain of Nostoc punctiforme following dark incubation in the presence of fructose. The wild-type strain is capable of facultative heterotrophic growth under these conditions and does not form akinetes. To identify genes associated with akinete development, differential display was used to amplify and compare cDNA from a wild-type and zwf mutant strain of N. punctiforme following a switch to dark heterotrophic conditions. Screening of candidate genes by reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR and subsequent testing for akinete-specific expression using GFP transcriptional reporter plasmids lead to the identification of three novel akinete-expressed genes. The genes identified from the screening encoded for proteins homologous to an aminopeptidase (aapN), a zinc protease (hap) and an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type transporter (aet). Expression of hap was also increased in developing hormogonia, a transient type of differentiated filament capable of gliding motility. Transcriptional start sites for akinete-expressed genes were determined using random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and promoter regions were compared with orthologues in other filamentous cyanobacteria to identify putative regulatory sequences.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review addresses cyanob bacterial intercellular communication, the supracellular structure of the cyanobacterial filament and the basic principles that govern the process of heterocyst differentiation.
Abstract: Within the wide biodiversity that is found in the bacterial world, Cyanobacteria represents a unique phylogenetic group that is responsible for a key metabolic process in the biosphere - oxygenic photosynthesis - and that includes representatives exhibiting complex morphologies. Many cyanobacteria are multicellular, growing as filaments of cells in which some cells can differentiate to carry out specialized functions. These differentiated cells include resistance and dispersal forms as well as a metabolically specialized form that is devoted to N(2) fixation, known as the heterocyst. In this Review we address cyanobacterial intercellular communication, the supracellular structure of the cyanobacterial filament and the basic principles that govern the process of heterocyst differentiation.

400 citations


Cites background from "Identification of Nostoc punctiform..."

  • ...punctiforme PCC 73102, which is impaired in heterotrophy, akinetes differentiate when the filaments are placed in the dark in the presence of fructos...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role of allelopathy in cyanobacteria ecology is still not well understood, and its clarification should benefit from carefully designed field studies, chemical characterization of allelochemicals and new methodological approaches at the “omics” level.
Abstract: Freshwater cyanobacteria produce several bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structure, which may achieve high concentrations in the aquatic medium when cyanobacterial blooms occur. Some of the compounds released by cyanobacteria have allelopathic properties, influencing the biological processes of other phytoplankton or aquatic plants. These kinds of interactions are more easily detectable under laboratory studies; however their ecological relevance is often debated. Recent research has discovered new allelopathic properties in some cyanobacteria species, new allelochemicals and elucidated some of the allelopathic mechanisms. Ecosystem-level approaches have shed some light on the factors that influence allelopathic interactions, as well as how cyanobacteria may be able to modulate their surrounding environment by means of allelochemical release. Nevertheless, the role of allelopathy in cyanobacteria ecology is still not well understood, and its clarification should benefit from carefully designed field studies, chemical characterization of allelochemicals and new methodological approaches at the "omics" level.

134 citations


Cites background from "Identification of Nostoc punctiform..."

  • ...…error in the outcome of the assay—for discussion on this subject please refer to Bustin (2002) and Ginzinger (2002)—and a survey of the literature reveals that only a few studies which employ this methodology with cyanobacteria have been published (Argueta et al. 2006; Woodger et al. 2003)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The differentiation of heterocysts (steady state, N(2) grown), akinetes, and hormogonia appears to involve the up-regulation of genes distinct for each state, consistent with entry into a nongrowth state.
Abstract: The vegetative cells of the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme can differentiate into three mutually exclusive cell types: nitrogen-fixing heterocysts, spore-like akinetes, and motile hormogomium filaments. A DNA microarray consisting of 6,893 N. punctiforme genes was used to identify the global transcription patterns at single time points in the three developmental states, compared to those in ammonium-grown time zero cultures. Analysis of ammonium-grown cultures yielded a transcriptome of 2,935 genes, which is nearly twice the size of a soluble proteome. The NH4+-grown transcriptome was enriched in genes encoding core metabolic functions. A steady-state N2-grown (heterocyst-containing) culture showed differential transcription of 495 genes, 373 of which were up-regulated. The majority of the up-regulated genes were predicted from studies of heterocyst differentiation and N2 fixation; other genes are candidates for more detailed genetic analysis. Three days into the developmental process, akinetes showed a similar number of differentially expressed genes (497 genes), which were equally up- and down-regulated. The down-regulated genes were enriched in core metabolic functions, consistent with entry into a nongrowth state. There were relatively few adaptive genes up-regulated in 3-day akinetes, and there was little overlap with putative heterocyst developmental genes. There were 1,827 differentially transcribed genes in 24-h hormogonia, which was nearly fivefold greater than the number in akinete-forming or N2-fixing cultures. The majority of the up-regulated adaptive genes were genes encoding proteins for signal transduction and transcriptional regulation, which is characteristic of a motile filament that is poised to sense and respond to the environment. The greatest fraction of the 883 down-regulated genes was involved in core metabolism, also consistent with entry into a nongrowth state. The differentiation of heterocysts (steady state, N2 grown), akinetes, and hormogonia appears to involve the up-regulation of genes distinct for each state.

118 citations


Cites background from "Identification of Nostoc punctiform..."

  • ...NpR4070 was up-regulated in steady-state N2-grown cultures at a significant but low level....

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  • ...and NpR4070) (6) was present in the akinete transcriptome or...

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  • ...Transcription of avaK (NpF5452), encoding an akinete marker protein (6, 48), was enhanced, as was transcription of patA and hetF, whose products are assigned to heterocyst differentiation....

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  • ...None of the four genes determined by differential display to be up-regulated during akinete development (NpF0062, NpF5999, NpF6000, and NpR4070) (6) was present in the akinete transcriptome or in the NH4 -grown transcriptome or proteome....

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  • ...Five genes that are differentially transcribed during akinete differentiation have recently been identified (6, 48)....

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Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: This review focuses on akinetes of Nostocales, emphasizing environmental triggers and cellular responses involved in differentiation, maturation, dormancy, and germination of these resting cells and special attention is given to genetic regulation of the differentiation process.
Abstract: Cyanobacteria are an ancient and morphologically diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes, which were the first to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in diversed environments. In the case of members of the orders Nostocales and Stigonematales, their persistence and success were attributed to their ability to form specialized cells: heterocysts, capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen and spore-like cells, the akinetes. This review focuses on akinetes of Nostocales, emphasizing environmental triggers and cellular responses involved in differentiation, maturation, dormancy, and germination of these resting cells. Morphological and structural changes, variation in akinete composition, and metabolism are summarized. Special attention is given to the genetic regulation of the differentiation process in an attempt to close gaps in our understanding of the dormancy phenomenon in cyanobacteria and to identify open questions for future research.

100 citations


Cites background or result from "Identification of Nostoc punctiform..."

  • ...These results are consistent with the expression of avaK in A. variabilis (Zhou and Wolk 2002), with N. punctiforme differential display results for aet ( Argueta et al. 2006 ), and with microarray results from zwf akinetes for nblA and avaK (Campbell et al. 2007)....

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  • ...Argueta et al. (2006) reported the detection of three novel genes involved in akinete differentiation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The clear differences in the metabolic and morphological adaptations of akinetes of the two species could be related to their different lifestyles and pave the way for genetic and functional studies of akinete differentiation in these species.
Abstract: Akinetes are resting spore-like cells formed by some heterocyst-forming filamentous cyanobacteria for surviving long periods of unfavourable conditions. We studied the development of akinetes in two model strains of cyanobacterial cell differentiation, the planktonic freshwater Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413 and the terrestrial or symbiotic Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133, in response to low light and phosphate starvation. The best trigger of akinete differentiation of Anabaena variabilis was low light; that of N. punctiforme was phosphate starvation. Light and electron microscopy revealed that akinetes of both species differed from vegetative cells by their larger size, different cell morphology and large number of intracellular granules. Anabaena variabilis akinetes had a multilayer envelope; those of N. punctiforme had a simpler envelope. During akinete development of Anabaena variabilis, the amount of the storage compounds cyanophycin and glycogen increased transiently, whereas in N. punctiforme, cyanophycin and lipid droplets increased transiently. Photosynthesis and respiration decreased during akinete differentiation in both species, and remained at a low level in mature akinetes. The clear differences in the metabolic and morphological adaptations of akinetes of the two species could be related to their different lifestyles. The results pave the way for genetic and functional studies of akinete differentiation in these species.

40 citations


Cites background from "Identification of Nostoc punctiform..."

  • ...Here, we showed that low light was the best inducer of akinete formation in Anabaena variabilis and confirmed the earlier finding (Argueta & Summers, 2005; Argueta et al., 2006) that phosphate starvation was the best inducer in N. punctiforme....

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  • ...Here, we showed that low light was the best inducer of akinete formation in Anabaena variabilis and confirmed the earlier finding (Argueta & Summers, 2005; Argueta et al., 2006) that phosphate starvation was the best inducer in N....

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  • ...However, only a few genes involved in akinete formation have been so far identified (e.g. Argueta et al., 2006; Campbell et al., 1996; Leganés et al., 1994, 1998; Lehner et al., 2011; Zhou &Wolk, 2002; see also review by Maldener et al., 2014)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Use of luxAB, encoding luciferase, as a reporter, and use of luxC, luxD and luxE to generate aldehyde, permitted visualization of the expression of hetR at the level of single cells; het R was expressed in akinetes.
Abstract: Summary Evident differentiation of vegetative cells into hetero-cysts in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is prevented by Insertions in genes hetR and hetP. Nostoc ellipsosporum possesses single copies of genes that hybridize with hetR and hetP. In mutant NE2 of N. ellipsosporum, in which hetR is interrupted by an insert, and in a double recombinant of wild-type N. ellipsosporum with a plasmid that bears an interrupted copy of hetR, neither heterocysts nor akinetes are formed. When an intact copy of hetR from Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 was added to NE2 the ability to form both heterocysts and akinetes was restored, in contrast to the hetR mutant, a hetP mutant of N. ellipsosporum could form akinetes, but heterocyst formation was blocked. Use of luxAB, encoding luciferase, as a reporter, and use of luxC, luxD and luxE to generate aldehyde (a substrate for the luciferase reaction), permitted visualization of the expression of hetR at the level of single cells; hetR was expressed in akinetes.

59 citations


"Identification of Nostoc punctiform..." refers background in this paper

  • ...A second transcriptional regulatory protein, HetR, was shown to be essential for both heterocyst and akinete formation in N. ellipsosporum (Leganes et al., 1994); however, a hetR mutant strain of N. punctiforme was able to form coldresistant akinete-like cells that lacked obvious granulation…...

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  • ...ellipsosporum (Leganes et al., 1994); however, a hetR mutant strain of N....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Kinetic studies were consistent with OpcA acting as an allosteric activator of G6PD, because thioredoxin-mediated inactivation and reactivation of His-G6PD occurred only when His-OpcA was present.

51 citations


"Identification of Nostoc punctiform..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 and the zwf mutant UCD 466 (Hagen and Meeks, 2001) were grown in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of AA/4 supplemented with 5 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7....

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  • ...Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 and the zwf mutant UCD 466 (Hagen and Meeks, 2001) were grown in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of AA/4 supplemented with 5 mM MOPS buffer (pH 7.5), 2.5 mM NH4Cl, 2.5 mM NaNO3 and 2.5 mM KNO3 for photoautotrophic growth, and 10 mg ml-1 ampicillin for plasmid…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ratio of internal P:C:N was different in trichomes with akinetes compared totrichomes without akinetees and may be important in activating akinete‐differentiating genes.
Abstract: Three lines of evidence established conclusively that phosphorus limitation triggered akinetes to differentiate in Anabaena circinalis Rabenhorst. First, akinetes differentiated when phosphorus was limited, but not when nitrogen, inorganic carbon, iron, trace elements, or light were limited, or when dissolved oxygen concentration was increased. In the phosphorus limitation experiment, akinetes appeared first in the 0 mg P-L−1 cultures, and the higher the initial concentration of phosphorus was, the longer it took for akinetes to differentiate. Second, akinete differentiation commenced when Qp fell to the same critical concentration in all cultures. The critical Qp for akinete differentiation in A. circinalis was 0.3-0.45 pg P·cell−1, and there was no significant difference between cultures grown with 0.6, 0.2, 0.06, or 0 mg P · L−1 (F= 5.48, of = 3, P > 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences between P cultures in internal cellular soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentration (F= 0.63, df = 3, P > 0.05) or external SRP per cell in the medium (F= 5.16, df= 3, P > 0.05) when akinete differentiation commenced. Both were between 0.01 and 0.07 pg SRP-cell−1. A thorough literature search indicates that this information has not been reported previously. The third line of evidence came from electron micrographs, which illustrated that polyphosphate was present in trichomes prior to akinete differentiation but was absent in trichomes with akinetes indicating that phosphorus reserves were depleted when akinetes differentiated. Lipid globules (carbon reserve) and cyanophycin granules (nitrogen reserve) increased in number in trichomes with akinetes, compared to trichomes without akinetes. Thus, the ratio of internal P:C:N was different in trichomes with akinetes compared to trichomes without akinetes and may be important in activating akinete-differentiating genes.

49 citations


"Identification of Nostoc punctiform..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Although the germination of akinetes has received much attention (Chauvat et al., 1982; Sutherland et al., 1985; Sili et al., 1994; van Dok and Hart, 1996), the molecular genetic study of akinete induction has been hindered by their normally slow and asynchronous formation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first identification of an akinete marker gene is reported, which is likely to be involved in akinete formation inyanobacteria that form akinetes as well as heterocysts.
Abstract: Cyanobacteria that form akinetes as well as heterocysts present a rare opportunity to investigate the relationships between alternative differentiation processes and pattern formation processes in a single bacterium. Because no akinete marker gene has been identified, akinete formation has been little studied genetically. We report the first identification of an akinete marker gene.

48 citations


"Identification of Nostoc punctiform..." refers background in this paper

  • ...variabilis strain bearing the avaK promoter region fused to a GFP transcriptional reporter exhibited high levels of expression in akinetes as compared with heterocysts or vegetative cells, confirming this gene as an akinete-marker gene (Zhou and Wolk, 2002)....

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  • ...To make this an inclusive promoter analysis, avaK, the only previously described akinete-marker gene originally identified in A. variabilis (Zhou and Wolk, 2002), was included as this gene has also been demonstrated to be expressed in akinetes of N. punctiforme (Argueta et al., 2004)....

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  • ...Prior to this report, the only study focusing specifically on identification of genes involved in akinete formation or function utilized a proteomic approach (Zhou and Wolk, 2002)....

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  • ...variabilis (Zhou and Wolk, 2002), was included as this gene has also been demonstrated to be expressed in akinetes of N....

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  • ...An A. variabilis strain bearing the avaK promoter region fused to a GFP transcriptional reporter exhibited high levels of expression in akinetes as compared with heterocysts or vegetative cells, confirming this gene as an akinete-marker gene (Zhou and Wolk, 2002)....

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Journal ArticleDOI

46 citations


"Identification of Nostoc punctiform..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…not heat-resistant like the endospores of Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacterial akinetes have been reported to survive 5–7 years of desiccation (Yamamoto, 1975; Sili et al., 1994), months of cold (4°C) dark conditions (Sutherland et al., 1979), and have been isolated from sediments as old as…...

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  • ...Although not heat-resistant like the endospores of Gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacterial akinetes have been reported to survive 5–7 years of desiccation (Yamamoto, 1975; Sili et al., 1994), months of cold (4°C) dark conditions (Sutherland et al....

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