Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated a consecutive series of children with chronic enterocolitis and regressive developmental disorder, and identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers.
About: This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 1998-02-28. It has received 2505 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Pervasive developmental disorder & Lymphoid hyperplasia.
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TL;DR: All the studies found an association in the direction postulated by the SIEVE experts: among healthcare workers, higher awareness, beliefs that are more aligned with scientific evidence and more favorable attitudes toward vaccination were associated with greater intentions to vaccinate.
Abstract: The Summit of Independent European Vaccination Experts (SIEVE) recommended in 2007 that efforts be made to improve healthcare workers’ knowledge and beliefs about vaccines, and their attitudes towards them, to increase vaccination coverage. The aim of the study was to compile and analyze the areas of disagreement in the existing evidence about the relationship between healthcare workers’ knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about vaccines and their intentions to vaccinate the populations they serve. We conducted a systematic search in four electronic databases for studies published in any of seven different languages between February 1998 and June 2009. We included studies conducted in developed countries that used statistical methods to relate or associate the variables included in our research question. Two independent reviewers verified that the studies met the inclusion criteria, assessed the quality of the studies and extracted their relevant characteristics. The data were descriptively analyzed. Of the 2354 references identified in the initial search, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The diversity in the study designs and in the methods used to measure the variables made it impossible to integrate the results, and each study had to be assessed individually. All the studies found an association in the direction postulated by the SIEVE experts: among healthcare workers, higher awareness, beliefs that are more aligned with scientific evidence and more favorable attitudes toward vaccination were associated with greater intentions to vaccinate. All the studies included were cross-sectional; thus, no causal relationship between the variables was established. The results suggest that interventions aimed at improving healthcare workers’ knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about vaccines should be encouraged, and their impact on vaccination coverage should be assessed.
967 citations
TL;DR: Based on recent surveys, a minimum estimate of 18.7/10000 for all forms of pervasive developmental disorders was derived, which outlines the needs in special services for a large group of children.
Abstract: Background. There is some uncertainty about the rate and correlates of autism.Method. Twenty-three epidemiological surveys of autism published in the English language between 1966 and 1998 were reviewed.Results. Over 4 million subjects were surveyed; 1533 subjects with autism were identified. The methodological characteristics of each study are summarized, including case definition, case-finding procedures, participation rates and precision achieved. Across surveys, the median prevalence estimate was 5·2/10000. Half the surveys had 95% confidence intervals consistent with population estimates of 5·4–5·5/10000. Prevalence rates significantly increased with publication year, reflecting changes in case definition and improved recognition; the median rate was 7·2/10000 for 11 surveys conducted since 1989. The average male/female ratio was 3·8[ratio ]1, varying according to the absence or presence of mental retardation. Intellectual functioning within the normal range was reported in about 20% of subjects. On average, medical conditions of potential causal significance were found in 6% of subjects with autism, with tuberous sclerosis having a consistently strong association with autism. Social class and immigrant status did not appear to be associated with autism. There was no evidence for a secular increase in the incidence of autism. In eight surveys, rates for other forms of pervasive developmental disorders were two to three times higher than the rate for autism.Conclusion. Based on recent surveys, a minimum estimate of 18·7/10000 for all forms of pervasive developmental disorders was derived, which outlines the needs in special services for a large group of children.
943 citations
McMaster University1, Norwegian Institute of Public Health2, University of Florida3, Bond University4, University at Buffalo5, Autonomous University of Barcelona6, United States Department of Veterans Affairs7, University of Basel8, Mayo Clinic9, Harvard University10, University of Freiburg11, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality12, Oregon Health & Science University13, Case Western Reserve University14
TL;DR: Systematic review authors and guideline developers may also consider rating up quality of evidence when a dose-response gradient is present, and when all plausible confounders or biases would decrease an apparent treatment effect, or would create a spurious effect when results suggest no effect.
873 citations
TL;DR: Arguments around the themes of safety and effectiveness, alternative medicine, civil liberties, conspiracy theories, and morality were found on the majority of websites analyzed; misinformation was also prevalent.
869 citations
TL;DR: A detailed review of all 2,047 biomedical and life-science research articles indexed by PubMed as retracted on May 3, 2012 revealed that only 21.3% of retractions were attributable to error, compared with 67.4% attributable to misconduct, including fraud or suspected fraud, duplicate publication, and plagiarism.
Abstract: A detailed review of all 2,047 biomedical and life-science research articles indexed by PubMed as retracted on May 3, 2012 revealed that only 21.3% of retractions were attributable to error. In contrast, 67.4% of retractions were attributable to misconduct, including fraud or suspected fraud (43.4%), duplicate publication (14.2%), and plagiarism (9.8%). Incomplete, uninformative or misleading retraction announcements have led to a previous underestimation of the role of fraud in the ongoing retraction epidemic. The percentage of scientific articles retracted because of fraud has increased ∼10-fold since 1975. Retractions exhibit distinctive temporal and geographic patterns that may reveal underlying causes.
845 citations
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TL;DR: A simple system of subgrouping based solely on a description of the type of social impairment will be used, which avoids the confusion inherent in trying to identify the named syndromes.
Abstract: simple practical skills and social adaptation from early childhood and that abnormalities were recognisable from the second year of life. Many clinicians diagnose on their interpretation of Asperger’s clinical descriptions, rather than insisting on normal development before 3 years in the areas mentioned. In this article, a simple system of subgrouping based solely on a description of the type of social impairment will be used, which avoids the confusion inherent in trying to identify the named syndromes. This simple subgrouping has proved helpful in clinical practice even though the groups are no more sharply differentiated and permanent than in any other existing method of classification in the specialty.
524 citations
"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia,..." refers background or methods in this paper
...[ 15 ] Rubella virus is associated with autism and the...
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...[ 15 ] In the context of susceptibility to infection, a genetic...
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TL;DR: It is speculated that an altered intestinal permeability could represent a possible mechanism for the increased passage through the gut mucosa of peptides derived from foods with subsequent behavioural abnormalities.
Abstract: We determined the occurrence of gut mucosal damage using the intestinal permeability test in 21 autistic children who had no clinical and laboratory findings consistent with known intestinal disorders. An altered intestinal permeability was found in 9 of the 21 (43%) autistic patients, but in none of the 40 controls. Compared to the controls, these nine patients showed a similar mean mannitol recovery, but a significantly higher mean lactulose recovery (1.64% +/- 1.43 vs 0.38% +/- 0.14; P < 0.001). We speculate that an altered intestinal permeability could represent a possible mechanism for the increased passage through the gut mucosa of peptides derived from foods with subsequent behavioural abnormalities.
382 citations
"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia,..." refers background in this paper
...Walker-Smith and colleagues [5] detected low concentrations of alpha-1 antitrypsin in children with typical autism, and D'Eufemia and colleagues [ 6 ] identified abnormal intestinal permeability,...
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TL;DR: Panksepp et al. as discussed by the authors put forward the idea that autism is an emotional disturbance arising from an upset in the opiate systems in the brain, and hence proposed, as a possibility, opiate antagonist therapy for the autistic syndrome.
303 citations
"Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia,..." refers background in this paper
...The "opioid excess" theory of autism, put forward first by Panksepp and colleagues [ 7 ] and later by Reichelt and colleagues [8] and Shattock and colleagues [9] proposes that autistic...
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